1. U.S. History Ch. 8 Sec 1 and 2

2. Rich vs. Poor Rich Bankers, manufacturers, merchants made up the wealthy upper class Lived in houses with running water, etc… Had a system of grading people’s social worthiness (black ball mean out) Poor Lived in crowded, small apartments, attics, or damp cellars Few conveniences and no sewers Plagued by crime, disease, and filth

3. New class emerges The Middle Class Included prosperous artisans, farmers, lawyers, ministers, and shopkeepers Lived in simple homes with some conveniences (bathing stands and bowls, iron cookstoves, lamps, and rugs) Had enough money to buy food, clothes, and other products available

4. Roll of the middle class Men were the workers – start to move from farms to factories, mills, shops, and offices Women took care of the house (no servants) Children did not have to work to help support the family. Instead, they attended school to learn the necessary skills to be successful in adulthood

5. The Market Revolution Because of the improved transportation system (roads and water travel) – new National Markets (local goods) could be bought and sold and it brought about a new way to producing goodsBecause of the improved transportation system (roads and water travel) – new National Markets (local goods) could be bought and sold and it brought about a new way to producing goods

6. The Factory System Francis Cabot Lowell was behind the idea of the Factory SystemFrancis Cabot Lowell was behind the idea of the Factory System He introduced a water powered loom and had the idea of putting all aspects of cloth manufacturing under one roofHe introduced a water powered loom and had the idea of putting all aspects of cloth manufacturing under one roof Usually hired young single women to work – known as Lowell girls – lived in boardinghouses owned by the factoryUsually hired young single women to work – known as Lowell girls – lived in boardinghouses owned by the factory

7. Improvements in Technology John Deere – an Illinois farmer designed a light weight steel plowJohn Deere – an Illinois farmer designed a light weight steel plow Cyrus McCormick – developed a mechanical reaperCyrus McCormick – developed a mechanical reaper Elias Howe – patented a sewing machine for home useElias Howe – patented a sewing machine for home use

8. Labor Even though the U.S. economy was strong, most workers were poorEven though the U.S. economy was strong, most workers were poor Child labor was a large part of the work forceChild labor was a large part of the work force Unions start to organize – to protect workers rights – National Trades Union fought for shorter workdayUnions start to organize – to protect workers rights – National Trades Union fought for shorter workday

9. Methods of Labor Unions Strike – the refusal to work until employers met union demandsStrike – the refusal to work until employers met union demands

10. Tension in the Factory The wealth of the owners and the poverty of the workers caused many strikesThe wealth of the owners and the poverty of the workers caused many strikes During the 1830s – more than 100 strikes to protest higher wages or wage reductionsDuring the 1830s – more than 100 strikes to protest higher wages or wage reductions

11. Cause and Effect of Strikes Strikes put the politicians on noticeStrikes put the politicians on notice Committees were formed to investigate working conditions in factoriesCommittees were formed to investigate working conditions in factories Sarah G. Bagley – formed a union of Lowell Girls – fought for a 10 hour work daySarah G. Bagley – formed a union of Lowell Girls – fought for a 10 hour work day Bagley and her union didn’t succeed in Mass. But other states passed 10 hour work dayBagley and her union didn’t succeed in Mass. But other states passed 10 hour work day

12. Immigration The countries population was growing rapidly in the 1830s because more than 500,000 immigrants came to America In 1860 – more than 4.1 million Americans were foreign born They wanted equality and they wanted WORK

13. Irish The largest group of immigrants The largest group of immigrants More than 1.6 million by 1860 More than 1.6 million by 1860 Reason for leaving Ireland – Discrimination, hunger, and poverty in Ireland Reason for leaving Ireland – Discrimination, hunger, and poverty in Ireland Mid 1840s – disease wiped out the potato crop, Ireland’s major food source, - more than 1 million died (1/8 of the population) – AKA The Potato Famine Mid 1840s – disease wiped out the potato crop, Ireland’s major food source, - more than 1 million died (1/8 of the population) – AKA The Potato Famine

14. Irish Journey Those that could afford a boat ticket bought one Those that could afford a boat ticket bought one Rode in cramped quarters below deck Rode in cramped quarters below deck Arrived in America poor, uneducated, and unskilled Arrived in America poor, uneducated, and unskilled Lived in the slums and worked low paying, menial jobs (low intelligence) Lived in the slums and worked low paying, menial jobs (low intelligence)

15. When the Irish worked Worked building the canals (Erie in NY and eventually Illinois-Michigan Canal in Chicago) Worked building the canals (Erie in NY and eventually Illinois-Michigan Canal in Chicago) Built Railroads, mined coal, unloaded freight Built Railroads, mined coal, unloaded freight Women became housekeepers, child care givers, washed clothes, and worked in the factories Women became housekeepers, child care givers, washed clothes, and worked in the factories Many employers refused to hire Irish workers Many employers refused to hire Irish workers

16. Living Conditions for Irish Lived primarily in New York, Boston, and other east coast cities Lived primarily in New York, Boston, and other east coast cities Entire families lived in single rooms, cellars, or attics Entire families lived in single rooms, cellars, or attics Diseases spread rapidly because of the filthy, close living situations Diseases spread rapidly because of the filthy, close living situations

17. Help to survive Irish formed tight knit communities that revolved around the Catholic Church Irish formed tight knit communities that revolved around the Catholic Church Participated in local politics Participated in local politics By the 1880s – Irish Americans ran the local governments of many cities (police and council members) By the 1880s – Irish Americans ran the local governments of many cities (police and council members) When in office, supported poor Irish immigrants with food, money, jobs, and legal aid When in office, supported poor Irish immigrants with food, money, jobs, and legal aid

18. German Immigrants Germans were the 2 nd largest immigrant group in America From 1831 to 1860, more than 1.5 million Germans arrived in America Most were Protestant, 1/3 Roman Catholic, and about 250,000 were Jewish

19. Reasons for coming Some came for political or religious freedom Most came for economic opportunities Many were skilled workers (bankers, bakers, brewers, butchers, woodworkers, cigar makers, machinist, or tailors) and these jobs weren’t available in German anymore because of the Industrial Rev.

20. Once in the states Women worked at home or on the farm – those that worked outside of the home or farm worked in German shops that serviced the German communities Most of the German Jews remained on the East Coast – other German immigrants relocated to the interior of the United States (Penn, OH, IL, WI) Formed German communities with schools that taught in German, German Newspapers

21. Response by American Born ► Protested the arrival of immigrants ► Disapproved of immigrants customs (drinking and isolation) ► Feared the growing political power of the Roman Catholic Irish

22. Nativism ► The favoring of native born Americans over foreign born ► Nativist viewed the Irish as politically corrupt and socially inferior ► Blamed immigrants for the slum conditions (instead of the low wages and high unemployment)

23. Anti- Catholic behaivor ► There were many anti-Catholic riots between 1830s and 1850s ► Violence and vandalism against Catholic churches and schools, priest, and anyone that resembled Catholic

24. Response to immigrants ► Some nativist wanted to restrict immigrant’s rights to vote and hold public office ► Wanted to limit the Irish political power because they feared the Pope was controlling the politicians ► Formed a secret society to support only native born Protestants for political offices

25. I Know Nothing ► The secret society was originally called the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner – Later changed its name to The American Party ► When asked about their activities, they would respond with, “I KNOW NOTHING” ► Became known as the “KNOW NOTHING” party ► Won many local and state elections

26. Immigrants moving to the Midwest The Dutch (Netherlands), Germans, Scandinavians, and Swiss looked for opportunities in the newly prosperous Midwest The Dutch (Netherlands), Germans, Scandinavians, and Swiss looked for opportunities in the newly prosperous Midwest Mostly farming opportunities, but also lumber and mining Mostly farming opportunities, but also lumber and mining Women made butter and cheese for sale Women made butter and cheese for sale