1. 1789-1799185720th Century French RevolutionPropaganda of the Deed terrorism began taking on the negative connotations it carries today helped initially by writings (e.g. British political philosopher Edmund Burke) the writings popularized the term ‘terrorism’ in English and demonized its French meaning newly defined notions of nationalism and citizenship saw emergence of a new predominantly secular terrorism Italian revolutionary Carlo Pisacane’s theory Propaganda of the deed is a concept that promotes physical violence against political enemies as a way of inspiring the masses and catalyzing revolution first put in practice by Narodnaya Volya, a Russian Populist group formed in 1878 to oppose the Tsarist regime assassination of Alexandar II on March 1, 1881 NV went to great lengths to avoid ‘innocent’ deaths by carefully choosing their targets, usually state officials who symbolized the regime and compromising operations rather than causing ‘collateral damages’ NV’s actions inspired radicals elsewhere Anarchist terrorist groups were enamored of examples set by Russian Populists Nationalist groups such as Ireland and Balkans adopted terrorism as means towards their desired ends terrorists attacks were carried out as far a field as India, Japan, the Ottoman empire, with 2 US presidents and a succession of other world leaders being assassinated Terrorism arrived on America’s shores before 20th century Anarchist were active in America throughout 1880s Ku Klux Klan was formed to fight the Reconstruction effort which followed State terrorism: state terrorism started to manifest itself long before outbreak of WWI in 1914 Many officials in the Serbian government and military were involved in supporting, training and arming the various Balkan groups which were active prior to assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914

2. 1930sWorld War II fresh wave of political assassinations deserving of the word terrorism proposals at the League of Nations for conventions to prevent and punish terrorism establishment of an international criminal court during interwar years, terrorism became increasingly referred to the oppressive measures imposed by various totalitarian regimes(Nazi Germany, Facist Italy and Stalinist Russia) Other governments such as those military dictatorships which ruled some South American countries have also been open to charges of using such methods as a tool of state Some commentators such as Bruce Hoff,am argued that such usages are generally termed ‘terror’ to distinguish that phenomenon from ‘terrorism’ which is understood to be violence committed by non-state entities. Not everyone agrees that terrorism should be considered a non-governmental undertaking Examples: Jessica Stern insists that in deliberately bombarding civilians as a means of attacking enemy morale, starts have indeed resorted to terrorism Allied strategic bombing campaigns of WWII American dripping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ‘Bomber’ Harris alternatively defended and reviled for their belief in the utility and morality of strategic bombing fact that non-state groups in terrorism that emerged in the wake of WWII is less debatable focus for such activity mainly shifted from Europe itself to threat continent’s various colonies nationalist and anti-colonial groups conducted guerilla warfare which differed from terrorism mainly in that it tended towards larger bodies of ‘irregulars’ operating along more military lines than their torris cousins E.g. in China and Indochina, such forces conducted insurgencies against the Kupmintang regime and the French colonial government respectively

3. Till Present Day The immediate focus for such activity mainly shifted from Europe itself to that continent’s various colonies. Across the Middle East Asia and Africa, nascent nationalist movements resisted European attempts to resume colonial business as usual after the defeat of the Axis powers. That the colonialists had been so recently expelled from or subjugated in their overseas empires by the Japanese provided psychological succor to such indigenous uprisings by dispelling the myth of European invincibility. Often, these nationalist and anti-colonial groups conducted guerilla warfare, which differed from terrorism mainly in that it tended towards larger bodies of ‘irregulars’ operating along more military lines than their terrorist cousins, and often in the open from a defined geographical area over which they held sway. Such was the case in China and Indochina. Still other such struggles like those in Kenya, Malaysia, Cyprus and Palestine(all involving the British who, along with the French, bore the brunt of this new wave of terrorism – a corollary of their large pre-war empires) were fought by groups who can more readily be described as terrorist. These groups quickly learned to exploit the burgeoning globalization of the world’s media. Through the 1960s and 1970s, the numbers of those groups that might be described as terrorist swelled to include not only nationalists, but those motivated by ethnic and ideological considerations. The former included groups such as the Palestinian Liberation Organization (and its many affiliates), the Basque ETA, and the Provisional Irish Republican Army, Like their anti-colonialist predecessors of the immediate post-war era, many of the terrorist groups of this period readily appreciated and adopted methods that would allow them to publicize their goals and accomplishments internationally. Forerunners in this were the Palestinian groups who pioneered the hijacking of a chief symbol and means of the new age of globalization Many of these organizations have today declined or ceased to exist altogether, while others, such as the Palestinian, Northern Irish and Spanish Basque groups, motivated by more enduring causes, remain active today – although some now have made moves towards political rather than terrorist methods.