1. Transnational Politics Keohane/Nye, Introduction

2. Today  Registration, digitally aided name recognition, index card  Attendance, papers, presentation, campaign item  Two different views:  US-based: It’s easy! ethical trade (podcast from: Policy Innovations): forestry, mining, and fisheries.ethical trade  European: It’s complex. BBC documentaries (Thursday)documentaries  Defining non-state actors (NSAs)  Theories of IR and transnationalism  Reading: Keohane/Nye 1971 Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz

3. Non-state actors (NSAs)  What is transnationalism?  What are non-state actors (NSAs)?  Distinguishing from states and IGOs  What are the goals non-state actors pursue?  What are the means non-state actors use?  What roles do non-state actors play? Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz

4. Definition: Transnational relations Transnational relations are “regular interactions across national boundaries when at least one actor is a non-state agent or does not operate on behalf of a national government or an intergovernmental organization.” (Thomas Risse-Kappen, Introduction, in Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structure and International Institutions, Cambridge University Press 1995, p. 3) Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz

5. Challenging state-centrism  Keohane/Nye, 1971, xii  Four major types of transnational interactions:  Communication of ideas  Transportation (trade in goods and services)  Finance (FDI, investment)  Travel and movement of people (migration) Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz

6. Effects of transnationalism Increase the sensitivity of societies to one another (1) and diffusion processes (2) resulting in (Keohane/Nye, xvi):  attitude changes  international pluralism (interest groups)  constraints on state actors increase (interdependence)  increasing ability of certain governments to influence other governments  emergence of autonomous actors with private foreign policies Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz

7. Non-state actors in world affairs  Three types of transnational non-state actors:  Multinational Corporations  Non-Governmental Organizations (Global Civil Society)  Drug cartels, terrorists, arms traders, money launderer, human trafficker, etc.  How are non-state actors different from states or intergovernmental organizations?  In contrast to states, NGOs lack sovereign control over population and territory.  In contrast to IGOs, NGOs are not created by states. They are created by private citizens. Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz

8. Classifying non-state actors  Transnational vs. local/national  Human Rights First vs. NAACP  Profit-making vs. not-for-profit  Exxon/GM vs. Greenpeace  Integrating vs. fragmenting purpose  Aga Khan Foundation vs. al-Qaeda  Membership vs. non-membership organization  Amnesty International vs. Human Rights Watch  Service versus advocacy organization  World Vision vs. Amnesty International  Faith-based vs. secular Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz

9. Three types of authority Multinational corporations (for profit, commerce, market authority) Non-governmental organizations (not-for-profit, service and advocacy, moral authority), global civil society Drug cartels, terrorists, arms traders, traffickers (illicit, violent authority) Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz

10. Market authority  Def.: MNCs are enterprises with commercial operations in more than one country.  100 largest economies: 51 are MNCs and 49 are states.  In 1996, 405 out of 500 largest MNCs were headquartered in the Northern hemisphere: US (162), Japan (126), France (42), Germany (41), and Great Britain (34).  1969: about 7,000 MNCs; 2005: 63,312 MNCs with 821,818 foreign affiliates. >> ILO information on MNCsILO information on MNCs Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz

11. Illicit authority  Criminal networks: borders as a business opportunity; trafficking of weapons, humans, and drugs.  Piracy: the high seas as a stateless sphere; Somalia, South East Asia, etc.  Terrorism: the political use of violence and transnational relations Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz

12. Why is transnational crime on the rise?  State failure: Proliferation of small arms; failing border controls, etc.  Globalization: increasing and faster financial and other transactions, etc.  Global inequalities: human trafficking, drug trade, etc.  Lack of inter-state cooperation: weak United Nations, lack of coordination among law enforcement, competing state interests, Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz

13. Moral authority  Global civil society  Amnesty International, Oxfam, and Greenpeace Amnesty InternationalOxfamGreenpeace  Campaigns against child labor, landmines, for the ICC  Transnational networks  Alternative to state and markets: Networks are non- hierarchical, horizontal exchanges based on shared goals/values.  NGOs, foundations, churches, media, unions, etc.  Increased and cheaper travel/communication. Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz

14. Global NGO Growth, based on: Yearbook of International Organizations, Vol. 1, 1997/98 Wednesday, 1/23/2008 Hans Peter Schmitz

15. NGOs at the United Nations  1948: 40 NGOs with initial observer status at the UN  2003: 2,379 NGOs at the UN with consultative status.with consultative status  Graph of NGO growth at the UN (P. Willetts) Graph of NGO growth at the UN Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz

16. Service and advocacy  Service NGO : Provides direct services to a population (example: education, health)  World Vision, Save the Children, Oxfam.  Advocacy NGO : Lobbies for the rights and claims of others by publishing reports, lobbying, mobilizing the media and public.  Amnesty International, Greenpeace. Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz