1. Eric Leander Sustainable Business Operations Spring 2012

2. What is an NGO? Non-Governmental Organization NGO Monitor defines NGOs as autonomous non-profit and non- party/politically-unaffiliated organizations that advance a particular cause or set of causes in the public interest. The range of causes on which an NGO can focus is unlimited, but a cardinal principle is that NGOs operate in a manner consistent with the objectives for which they receive funds. Donations are an NGO's lifeline because they are independent organizations. Funding can come from governments, the UN, private trusts and philanthropies, individual donations, religious institutions, and, in many cases, other NGOs. NGOs can contribute to democracy through challenging governments and promoting social interests, but they themselves are not democratic institutions and have no democratic accountability. An NGO is only accountable to its particular funding organizations and members. Meanwhile, criticism of a human rights NGO is often dismissed as an attack on the values of human rights themselves.

3. History of NGOs Encyclopedia of International Development: Tim Forsyth National issues: slave trade, peace movement, labor rights Humanitarian relief for war victims and refugees I. Emergence: 1775-1918 Raising Awareness of International Issues Interacting with Governments II. Engagement: 1920 to 1940 Humanitarian and Emergency for War Victims Growing Hostility Inhibited NGO participation III. Disengagement : 1941-1944 Recognition by International Agencies No real cooperation IV. Formalization: 1945-late 1960s

4. History of NGOs Gov as recipient of international aid Gov as the engine of development Mutual mistrust NGO presence was tolerated V: Late 1960s-1970s: Quite Growth Reagan and Thatcher era Market as the engine of growth Dominance of institutional donors; Donor-led development Development of NGO cooperation with official aid system VI: 1980s: Limited Contribution of NGOs Alternative model of development (people-centered model) NGOs as the preferred mechanism of development Failure of past efforts; learning from mistakes Huge growth in NGO prevalence Gained access to policymakers VII: 1990s: Favored Child Critical path of NGOs Welfare providers for official aid system or advocacy organizations Fundamental values and roles of NGOs in development VIII: 2000-current: Self-examination

5. Modern NGO Purpose Supply NGOs Welfare Oriented Provide services direct to community Volunteers and Staff Demand NGOs Advocacy/Lobbying Awareness, beliefs and ideologies Seek to influence public policy

6. The Modern NGO Western Industrialized countries National, Multinational Northern NGO/ International NGO: Low income, aid recipient countries Less developed areas Southern NGO or Local NGO 1 st Generation : Welfare Oriented2 nd Generation: Sustainable, self-help organizations3 rd Generation: Advocacy, structural change4 th Generation: Social Movement David Korten’s: “Four-Generation NGOs”

7. Controversy Accountability Power- Too much? Grey Areas The line between an "N.G.O." a "nonprofit" and "civil society" is often blurred in debates, that much is known. The big nonprofit universities, museums, and hospitals are not N.G.O.'s, and neither are the small producers of social capital, such as choral societies. The multiplying references to "civil society" in international treaties, as an increasingly mandatory actor in global affairs, essentially mean N.G.O.'s.

8. NGO Growth Huge growth since WWII Currently over 20,ooo international NGOs Main factors for increase: Outsource government services Non-for-profit entrepreneurs Increased professionalization of existing NGOs Funding from the private sector

9. NGO Roles Humanitarian work Economic Development Education Public Health Environmental Social Development Agriculture Literacy Anti-Corruption Disaster Relief War Relief/Conflict Resolution Rehabilitation Human Rights Peace Community Empowerment Conservation Land Rights Information Freedom Microfinance Lobbying Consultation

10. NGO Examples World Vision: ($2.1billion) Save the Children ($863 million) CARE International ($624 million) Oxfam ($528 million) American Red Cross ($3.8 billion) Goodwill Industries International ($3 billion) Amnesty International ($65 million) Human Rights Watch ($39 million) Wikimedia Foundation

11. Resources: http://www.ngo-monitor.org/ http://www.ngoworldpk.com/articles/presentation.ht m http://www.ngoworldpk.com/articles/presentation.ht m Tim Forsyth: Encyclopedia of International Development Non-Governmental and Not-for-Profit Organizational Effectiveness: A Modern Synthesis Non-Governmental and Not-for-Profit Organizational Effectiveness: A Modern Synthesis Making a difference: NGOs and development in a changing world Making a difference: NGOs and development in a changing world http://www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org