1. Organism Notes 3

2. Endocrine Mechanism Specialized Organs Reproduc- tive Mechanism Specialized Organs Immune System Mechanism Specialized Organs FungiNONONONO BacteriaNONONONO ProtistsNONONONO Plants Root hormones- send signals to tell roots to divide. Auxins and Cytokinins- plant hormones that cause growth or inhibit growth. Roots Some plants give off toxins for protection NO

3. Endocrine Mechanism Specialized Organs Reproduc- tive Mechanism Specialized Organs Immune System Mechanism Specialized Organs FungiNONO Asexual or sexual (spores) NONONO BacteriaNONO Binary fission- split into 2 cells Conjugation- bridge forms between 2 cells- genetic material passes over. Spore Formation- cells package up DNA and store it until conditions are good. NONONO ProtistsNONO Mostly reproduce by conjugation NONONO Plants Root hormones- send signals to tell roots to divide. Auxins and Cytokinins- plant hormones that cause growth or inhibit growth. Roots Some plants give off toxins for protection NO

4. Endocrine Mechanism Specialized Organs Reproduc- tive Mechanism Specialized Organs Immune System Mechanism Specialized Organs FungiNONO Asexual or sexual (spores) NONONO BacteriaNONO Binary fission- split into 2 cells Conjugation- bridge forms between 2 cells- genetic material passes over. Spore Formation- cells package up DNA and store it until conditions are good. NONONO ProtistsNONO Mostly reproduce by conjugation NONONO Plants Root hormones- send signals to tell roots to divide. Auxins and Cytokinins- plant hormones that cause growth or inhibit growth. Roots Angiosperms- perfect flowers or imperfect flowers (have only male parts) Bryophytes and mosses-spores Ferns-spores Gymnosperms- give off cones Stamen- anther and filament Carpel- stigma, style and ovary (ovules become seeds) Some plants give off toxins for protection NO

5. Endocrine Mechanism Specialized Organs Reproductive mechanism Specialized Organs Immune System Mechanism Specialized Organs Grasshopper Pheromones- specific chemical messages that affect behavior. Alert or signal alarm or other communica- tion. NONONO EarthwormNONONONO HydraNONONONO

6. Endocrine Mechanism Specialized Organs Reproductive mechanism Specialized Organs Immune System Mechanism Specialized Organs Grasshopper Pheromones- specific chemical messages that affect behavior. Alert or signal alarm or other communica- tion. NONONO EarthwormNONONONO HydraNONO Sexually- external fertilization (egg and sperm) Asexually- budding- make a clone of itself. NONONO

7. Endocrine Mechanism Specialized Organs Reproductive mechanism Specialized Organs Immune System Mechanism Specialized Organs Grasshopper Pheromones- specific chemical messages that affect behavior. Alert or signal alarm or other communica- tion. NONONO EarthwormNONO Sexually- have to have two earthworms. External fertilization Have both male and female parts (hermaphro- dites) NONO HydraNONO Sexually- external fertilization (egg and sperm) Asexually- budding- make a clone of itself. NONONO

8. Endocrine Mechanism Specialized Organs Reproductive mechanism Specialized Organs Immune System Mechanism Specialized Organs Grasshopper Pheromones- specific chemical messages that affect behavior. Alert or signal alarm or other communica- tion. NO Internal fertilization Sexual reproduction Some have male parts some have female parts. NONO EarthwormNONO Sexually- have to have two earthworms. External fertilization Have both male and female parts (hermaphro- dites) NONO HydraNONO Sexually- external fertilization (egg and sperm) Asexually- budding- make a clone of itself. NONONO

9. Endocrine Mechanism Specialized Organs Reproduc- tive Mechanism Specialized Organs Immune System Mechanism Specialized Organs Humans Hormones are secreted from glands H-regulates pituitary gland PG- 9 hormones Pineal- Melatonin (sleep/wake cycle- migration in birds) TH-Regulates body metabolism Pth G- regulates thyroid Thymus- regulates immune system (loose by 2) Kidney-adrenal glands (stress) P-insulin Testes- testosterone Ovaries-estrogen Endocrine Glands Brain- hypothal- amus Pituitary gland Pineal Gland Neck- Thyroid Parathyroid Chest- Thymus Abdomen- Kidney Pancreas Pelvis- ovaries or testes

10. Endocrine Mechanism Specialized Organs Reproduc- tive Mechanism Specialized Organs Immune System Mechanism Specialized Organs Humans Hormones are secreted from glands H-regulates pituitary gland PG- 9 hormones Pineal- Melatonin (sleep/wake cycle- migration in birds) TH-Regulates body metabolism Pth G- regulates thyroid Thymus- regulates immune system (loose by 2) Kidney-adrenal glands (stress) P-insulin Testes- testosterone Ovaries-estrogen Endocrine Glands Brain- hypothal- amus Pituitary gland Pineal Gland Neck- Thyroid Parathyroid Chest- Thymus Abdomen- Kidney Pancreas Pelvis- ovaries or testes Sexual reproduction Internal fertilization Viviparous (live birth) [fish have external fertilization and can be ovaviparous or viviparous Birds- ovaviparous Sharks- ovaviparous but mom hatches egg inside.] Male and female organs

11. Endocrine Mechanism Specialized Organs Reproduc- tive Mechanism Specialized Organs Immune System Mechanism Specialized Organs Humans Hormones are secreted from glands H-regulates pituitary gland PG- 9 hormones Pineal- Melatonin (sleep/wake cycle- migration in birds) TH-Regulates body metabolism Pth G- regulates thyroid Thymus- regulates immune system (loose by 2) Kidney-adrenal glands (stress) P-insulin Testes- testosterone Ovaries-estrogen Endocrine Glands Brain- hypothal- amus Pituitary gland Pineal Gland Neck- Thyroid Parathyroid Chest- Thymus Abdomen- Kidney Pancreas Pelvis- ovaries or testes Sexual reproduction Internal fertilization Viviparous (live birth) [fish have external fertilization and can be ovaviparous or viviparous Birds- ovaviparous Sharks- ovaviparous but mom hatches egg inside.] Male and female organs 1 st line of defense- prevention (mucus, saliva, tears, sweat, cilia) 2 nd line of defense- Kill it! WBC Antibodies remember High Fever Antigens- foreign not you You body makes antibodies against antigens VaccineSkin Sweat Glands Cilia in the nose Stomach acid Lymph nodes

12. Diseases of the Immune System Vaccine Inject a modified virus into the human body and your body makes antibodies against it. Antibodies remember what it looks like. Next time you come in contact with that virusyour immune system kills it. Prion Not a virus- its a protein that leads to Mad Cow disease. AIDS (auto immune deficiency syndrome) The HIV virus (Human immune deficiency virus) attacks your T-helper cells (part of your White blood cells). It knocks them out so your body cant fight disease. Treatments include a drug cocktail of AZT and other reverse transcriptase drugs. Giving patients their own helper cells that are strong. Uses RNA instead of DNA.