1. PSI Theory Basic Concepts

2. PSI concepts Motivation –Five basic needs drive behaviour –From basic needs, intentions are built Action Regulation –Intention is selected and executed –Action regulation is modulated by… Emotions –Emotions emerge from the system through modulation of the cognitive processes –the agent does not “have” an emotion, but it thinks and acts emotionally

3. Motivation (1) 5 basic needs that trigger behaviour 1.Existence preserving needs  food, water, avoidance of pain not relevant here 2.Species preserving needs  sexuality 3.Need for affiliation  need to belong to a group and engage in social interactions (“signals of legitimacy”) 4.Need for certainty  predictability of events and consequences 5.Need for competence  capability of mastering problems and tasks, including satisfying one’s needs

4. Motivation (2) Figure from Dörner (2006)  Deviation of actual level from a set-point symbolises strength of need  Increase through activities of the agent and over time  Decrease through actions that satisfy the needs

5. Motivation (3) Intentions are calculated from basic needs and additional information on goals and their success probability Intention = ∑(needs*goal)*success probability*urgency –Strength of needs: deviations from set-points –Goal: In the formula: relations of goal achievement to the satisfaction of specific need (“need satisfaction profile”) –Success probability: Experiences related to the goal, taken from memory Level of competence

6. Action Regulation (1) Intentions are stored in memory They compete against each other One intention is selected depending on the strength of the intention The selected intention triggers action selection and execution

7. Action Regulation (2) First, automatic and highly ritualised actions are applied, if available If there are no automatic reactions available, planning mechanisms, e.g. by combining new action sequences from familiar actions If this also fails, the system uses trial and error or explores the environment to gather more information (depends on competence)  Action regulation is modulated by parameters that represent emotional status…

8. Emotions (1) Modulation depends on three parameters –Activation (depends on general pressure from the motivational system; calculated as the sum of all needs) High: high preparedness for reaction Low: low preparedness for action, “relaxed” –Selection Threshold (depends on activation) High: concentration on currently active intention, “rigid” Low: easily to be distracted by competing intentions, “nervous” –Resolution Level (depends on activation) High: accuracy of cognitive processes (perception, planning) Low: rough planning, more misjudgements in perception and planning

9. Emotions (2) - Anger intention can not be executed due to unexpected obstacle –High need for certainty, high need for competence (but NOT exceeding a maximum that prevents the agent from doing anything at all) –High arousal  agent is prepared to act –High selection threshold  agent concentrates on the intention –Low resolution level  agent does not carefully check conditions of actions (perception) or their consequences (planning)

10. Emotions (3) - Anger Example: a child wants to watch TV but the mother says no; the child reacts with physical symptoms of arousal (blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate rise  activation), does not engage in another leisure activity but insists on watching TV (  selection threshold), chooses actions like shouting, stamping etc. that make the mother furious and lead to further sanctions and punishments.

11. Emotions (4) - Joy intention can (surprisingly) be executed, due to minor obstacles –Low need for certainty, low to medium need for competence –Medium arousal  agent is rather relaxed –Medium to high selection threshold  agent concentrates on the intention, but is also sensitive to other important information –Medium to high resolution level  agent carefully checks conditions of actions (perception) and their consequences (planning)

12. Emotions (5) - Joy Example: a child wants to watch TV and the mother lets her watch her favourite programme with her friend; the child shows some expressions of joy like hugging the mother or the friend, running to the TV tray, etc., concentrates and enjoys on the programme but also chats with her friend, i.e. she is able to quite accurately perceive her environment and react to it without major misjudgements.

13. Emotions (6) - Anxiety intention can persistently not be executed –Very high need for certainty, high need for competence, (almost) reaching a maximum that prevents the agent from doing anything at all –High arousal  agent is prepared to act –Low selection threshold  agent searches the environment for information and is easily distracted –High resolution level  agent carefully checks and re-checks conditions of actions (perception) and their consequences (planning)

14. Emotions (7) - Anxiety Example: a child watches TV while the mother is out of the house, even though she knows that she is not allowed to; she does not know when the mother will be back and she expects serious punishment in case she is detected; while watching the programme, she is highly activated and nervous, can not concentrate on the programme but keeps listening for cues that the mother returns, and worries about what will happen then, instead of enjoying the programme.

15. PSI architecture