1. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS CHAPTER 41

2. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY REVIEW The female and male reproductive systems consist of external and internal structures and organs.

3. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID) Inflammation of fallopian tubes, ovaries, or both, along with vascular and supporting structures within the pelvis, except the uterus. Symptoms include fever, pelvic pain, foul- smelling vaginal discharge. Treatment: antibiotic therapy, bed rest.

4. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. ENDOMETRIOSIS Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus within the pelvic cavity. Symptoms include low backache, painful intercourse, a feeling of heaviness on the pelvis, and spotting. Treatment: medication and/or surgical removal of the lesions.

5. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. VAGINITIS Common types include candidiasis (fungus), trichomoniasis (protozoan), Gardnerella vaginalis (bacterium), and Chlamydia trachomatis (parasite). Discharge with burning and itching. Treatment: vaginal application of antifungal creams and medications.

6. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME Staphylococcus aureus enters bloodstream. Temp of 102ºF or greater, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension, flulike symptoms, flat, red rash that peels in 1 to 2 weeks. Treatment: antibiotics, bed rest, and symptomatic treatment.

7. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. EPIDIDYMITIS/ ORCHITIS/PROSTATITIS Epididymitis is inflammation of epididymis. Orchitis is inflammation of testes. Prostatitis is inflammation of prostate. Treatment for all includes antibiotics, bed rest, scrotal support, and ice to the area.

8. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. FIBROCYSTIC BREAST DISEASE Also called chronic cystic mastitis. Symptoms include lumps that are single or multiple cysts, frequently fluid-filled. Aspiration or surgical excision may be indicated. Vitamin E and eliminating caffeine from the diet are also recommended.

9. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. FIBROID TUMORS Benign tumors growing in or on uterus. Symptoms include menorrhagia, increasing pelvic pressure, dysmenorrhea, abdominal enlargement, and constipation. Treatment: periodic reexamination, myomectomy, or hysterectomy.

10. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA Progressive adenomatous enlargement of prostate gland that occurs with aging. Symptoms related to partial or complete obstruction of the urethra. Treatment includes medications, balloon dilation, urethral stent, thermotherapy, and the transurethral resection (TURP).

11. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. BREAST CANCER Key to cure is early detection by physical examination, mammography, breast self- examination. A painless mass or thickening is the most common presenting symptom. Treatment: lumpectomy, mastectomy, radiation, chemotherapy, medications.

12. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. CERVICAL CANCER The most preventable gynecological cancer, with regular Pap smears. Most common signs: abnormal bleeding, odor, pain in lower back, groin, difficulty in voiding, hematuria, rectal bleeding. Treatment includes varying degrees of surgery, radiation, and palliation.

13. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. ENDOMETRIAL CANCER Cancer of the lining of the uterus. Symptoms do not appear until the cancer is advanced. Routine Pap smears, pelvic examinations not adequate for early diagnosis. Treatment: radiation, chemotherapy, and/or surgery.

14. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. OVARIAN CANCER Originates in epithelial tissue of ovary and does not produce symptoms until it is in an advanced, inoperable stage. Treatment includes a combination of surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and palliation.

15. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. PROSTATE CANCER Second leading cause of cancer deaths in men. Early symptoms include dysuria, weak urinary stream, increased frequency. Treatment depends on extent of disease and age of client; includes surgery, radiation, and hormone therapy.

16. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. TESTICULAR CANCER Small, hard, painless lump is usually first symptom noted. Men should perform a testicular self- examination (TSE) monthly. Treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.

17. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. PENILE CANCER Bacteria harbored in foreskin of uncircumcised male are irritants to glans penis and prepuce, thought to be carcinogenic. Symptoms include a painless, nodular growth on foreskin, fatigue, weight loss. The primary treatment is surgery.

18. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. MENSTRUAL DISORDERS Dysmenorrhea–painful menstruation. Amenorrhea–absence of menstruation. Polymenorrhea–menstrual cycles of less than 21 days. Oligomenorrhea–diminished menstrual flow that is not amenorrhea. Interventions based on cause of disorder.

19. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME PMS often occurs after ovulation. Over 150 symptoms have been reported that have been related to PMS. Treatment includes counseling, medications, dietary changes, regular exercise.

20. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. MENOPAUSE Or climacteric, cessation of menstruation and end of reproductive capability. Decreasing level of ovarian hormone production affects women in variety of ways. Treatment includes estrogen replacement therapy, dietary changes, exercise.

21. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. STRUCTURAL DISORDERS– FEMALE Cystocele–downward displacement of the bladder into the anterior vaginal wall. Urethrocele–downward displacement of the urethra into the vagina. Rectocele–anterior displacement of the rectum into the posterior vaginal wall.

22. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. STRUCTURAL DISORDERS– FEMALE (continued) Prolapsed uterus–downward displacement of the uterus into the vagina.

23. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. STRUCTURAL DISORDERS– MALE Hydrocele–a benign, nontender collection of fluid within the space of the testes and the spermatic cord. Spermatocele–benign nontender cyst of the epididymis or the rete testis. Variocele–dilation of veins of the scrotum.

24. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. STRUCTURAL DISORDERS– MALE (continued) Torsion of the spermatic cord–twisting of the vascular pedicle of the testis.

25. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. IMPOTENCE Inability of adult male to have erection firm enough or to maintain it long enough to complete sexual intercourse. Three types: functional, atonic, and anatomic. Treatment: external devices to promote erection, surgery, medications.

26. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. INFERTILITY Inability to produce offspring. Basic infertility workup is initiated when conception has not occurred after 6 to 12 months of unprotected intercourse. The goal of treatment is successful achievement of a pregnancy carried to full term, produces a healthy offspring.

27. Copyright 2005 Thomson Delmar Learning. Thomson and Delmar Learning are trademarks used herein under license. CONTRACEPTION Prevention of pregnancy. Safety, ease of use, effectiveness, and cost should be considered when choosing a method. Sterilization is considered permanent and effective.