1. Classical Conditioning + Intro to Operant Conditioning Learning Unit Mrs. Craig

2. Conditioning= Learning  Means the same as Learning  How do we know learning has taken place????  Learning is a permanent change in behavior

3. Ivan Pavlov- Russian scientist 1900’s  First to discover classical conditioning  Experimented with dog’s digestive system  Famous experiment  Discovered a neutral stimulus (bell, footsteps) could be taught to dog to create salivation  Normally food creates salivation.  First discovery on how learning occurs

4. Classical Conditioning  Most primitive learning  Starts with something that is born in the organism—UCS  UCS= unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus  UCR= unconditioned (unlearned) response  NS= neutral stimulus (no connection to UCS) the NS becomes the CS over time  CS= conditioned (learned) stimulus  CR= conditioned (learned) response

5. Pavlov’s Formula for CC  UCS to UCR ( food to salivation )  NS + UCS to UCR ( bell+food to salivation) or “learning by association ”  CS to CR!!! (bell to salivation)  Learning has occurred!!!

7. John B Watson  Baby Albert Experiment  Uses classical conditioning to teach fear  Discrimination- fear of a specific stimulus  Generalization- fear of a general rather than a specific stimulus  Experiment with Baby Albert considered unethical today.  WHY??

8. Review of Classical Conditioning  Starts with an unlearned relationship (UCS to UCR)  NS paired with UCS over time  Learning takes place when the CR is triggered by the CS (the original NS).  Humans have very few inborn unlearned relationships sooo……very few classical conditioning learning opportunities.!!!

9. OPERANT CONDITIONING  Another form of learning  Called S-R-R theory  S= Stimulus  R= Response  R(2 nd one)= Reinforcement  Classical Conditioning does NOT use reinforcement at all!!!!!

10. REINFORCEMENT  ALWAYS increases a behavior happening again!!!  Positive Reinforcement= praise/feels good  Negative reinforcement= avoid something to increase a behavior “proactive”

11. Punishment  decreases a behavior  Happens after a Behavior occurs “reactive”

12. Primary & Secondary Reinforcement  Primary are necessary ex. Food  Secondary – can be turned into primary Ex. Money or grades

13. Punishment – 2 types  Undesirable event following the behavior  A desirable event ends following the behavior

14. 4 schedules of reinforcement  Reinforcement that occurs after the next correct response  are based on time and behavior  Fixed and Variable Interval  Fixed and Variable Ratio  Interval means time  Ratio means behavior

15. Fixed Interval  Reinforcement after a specific amount of time

16. Variable Interval Requires a period of time before a reinforcement is given but the time is variable- you never know how quickly or how long it takes before receiving a reinforcement Example- pop quiz or a nibble/bite during fishing

17. Fixed Ratio  Reinforcement based on predetermined number of behaviors ( you know how many behavior you need to perform to receive your reward!)

18. Variable Ratio  Must perform undetermined number of behavior before getting reward.( could be one or many more!) very strong motivator could be addictive!