1. To what extent should we embrace nationalism?
Essential Information in Green

2. Foreign Policy Review

3. Nationalism vs. Internationalism
“Foreign policy is how a nation best expresses itself to the world. Our policies as a government, reflecting our beliefs as Canadians, are articulated through the words we speak, the decisions we make and the actions we implement in the name of Canada.”
Prime Minister Stephen Harper
Internationalism promotes belief in the importance of cooperation among countries in order to promote the common good for all countries in both social and economic terms.

4. Why countries get involved in international affairs?
Governments choose to become involved in international affairs if they believe there is some benefit for their country in addition to a possible global benefit.

5. Nation and State involvement in International affairs
The involvement or non-involvement of a nation or nation-state in international affairs can be motivated by many factors including:
Economic Stability
Peace and Security
Self-Determination
Humanitarianism

6. Economic Stability
In order to expand their economy or maintain their competitiveness on a global scale, countries may chose to involve themselves in international economic discussions, organizations, or alliances.
The Sekong Bridge in Cambodia connecting the capital, Phnom Penh, with the Laos border. The $20 million project is financed with Chinese aid money

7. Examples of Economic Alliances
G 8 (group of eight) is an organization of the wealthiest countries of the world. They meet to discuss global matters, often related to economics and the promotion of the global economy.
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) is an alliance which its members have agreed to make the flow of goods across each others borders easier by reducing tariffs.
EU (European Union) similar benefits of NAFTA

8. Peace and Security
Safety and security are vital to personal and national stability
Wars are costly in both manpower and use of resources
Promoting international peace promotes regional stability
Somali Pirates Attack
NATO

9. Canadian Aid in El Salvador
Humanitarianism
Nations reach out to each other in times of need
Natural disasters and disease creates suffering that media highlights to the world
Individuals and nations work to help others in need
US Food Aid
Canadian Aid in El Salvador

10. Self-Determination
The desire for a group of people with common culture, history, and language to have control over their own territory.
Nations that desire self-determination may seek involvement in international affairs in order to gain the support of the international community.
Canadian PM Stephen Harper and Quebec Premier stand in the front row of a La Francophonie Meeting

11. Achieving Self-determination

12. Article 1 UN declaration on self-determination
All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.
All peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any obligations arising out of international economic co-operation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and international law. In no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence.
P 205
The UN created the declaration on self-determination that outlined the following as considerations:
All peoples have the right of self-determination
All peoples may freely dispose of their natural resources and wealth without prejudice to any international economic co-operation or international law.

13. UNESCO criteria for nation
Common history
Racial or ethnic identity
Cultural homogeneity
Linguistic unity
Religious or ideological unity
Territorial connection
National self-identification
The definition of a nation by the UN includes the following criteria:
Common identity
Racial or ethnic identity
Cultural homogeneity
Linguistic unity
Religious or ideological unity
Territorial connection
National self-identification

14. Achieving self-determination
Decolonization
Successor states
Referendum
Third-party
P206
There are examples of nations that seek self-determination yet are part of a nation-state. E.g. Canada: Aboriginals and Francophone
The manner in which self-determination is achieved can be placed into four catagories:
De-colonization
Successor state
Referendum
Third party

15. Decolonization Defined India MozambiqueP
DE-COLONIZATION: When nations grant independence to their colonies E.g. Canada, India
India/Pakistan: 1947 was decolonized. For years India fought for independence and then after WWII Britain granted it because the cost of maintaining the colonies was no longer in their national interest. They partitioned the country into two states: India was divided to have Pakistan and Bangladesh. These two new states were created for the Muslims while the Hindus were mainly in India. Massive migrations happened but the fact that the borders were not properly surveyed has led to current disputes in Kashmir
Result of Pursuit for India? Somewhat better for them as they were under control of British government and all decisions were based on British culture traditions rather than Hindu or Muslim.
 Mozambique: 1975 had independence thrust upon by their colonial power – Portugal. When Portugal controlled the colony they paid little attention to developing the country, they simply used the resources for their benefit. There were attempts prior to 1975 to gain self-determination but they were unsuccessful. When the nation did receive independence 90% of settlers (Portuguese immigrants) left. This resulted in the country having very few skilled workers (33 college-educated for about 10 million people). There was not a provision for a government when the Portuguese left and a struggle for control resulted in civil strife that lasted until 1992.
Results: The country still struggles with poor infrastructure, economic development and under cultivated land. This is one example of where obtaining self-determination did not result in a positive outcome for the people early on.

16. Successor States Defined Ukraine Chechnya P211-213
SUCCESSOR STATES: When large nations breakup, the states that result are successor states E.g. USSR to become 15 independent states and Yugoslavia to become 7 independent states.
Ukraine 1990 became independent with a referendum support of 90%. When they first became independent their economy saw a drop (true of most USSR republics) but has since regained its stature. People have strengthened their culture and gained political sovereignty and financial independence. They have had some internal strife with minorities (E.g. Hungarians) who have been granted some autonomy within the Ukraine nation-state. To re-establish the culture the government has allowed Ukrainians abroad to vote in presidential elections even though they no longer reside in the country.
 Chechnya: When the USSR broke up in 1991 Chechnya declared its independence. Russia did not like this so they invaded and took control again of the country. They killed thousands of civilians and many more civilians fled to neighbouring republics. Russian troops withdrew from the area in 1996 but came back in In 2007 the Russian government took direct control and the rebels government was outlawed. Results: The struggle for independence and self-determination continues to this day.

17. Referendum Defined Canada East Timor East Timor (pg. 215, 137-38)
REFERENDUM: Direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal.
In Canada self-determination has a lot to do with ensuring cultural vitality and respect. This can be seen in the Francophone in Quebec attempts at self-determination as well as the Inuit and Metis’ attempt for sovereignty.
 Quebec (pg ) In 1980 and 1995 Quebec sought to create a politically independent nation that was still tied to Canada economically. Test results pg Both of these can be seen as an indicator of the will of the people of Quebec. There was controversy regarding the question for the 1995 referendum and unrest within the province. To ensure that anytime a referendum is out before the people with wording that is clear the government passed a Clarity Act which meant the referendum would have clear working before the government accepted the results as valid.
Results: In 2006 Prime Minister Harper declared “That this House recognize that the Quebecois form a nation within a united Canada” Gave some provincial autonomy for the province of Quebec.
East Timor (pg. 215, )
East Timor declared independence from Portugal in 1975 similar to Mozambique (but invaded by Indonesia 9 days later). Presented a referendum on whether to separate from Indonesia and the people voted , overwhelmingly (78%) to separate. Before and after the referendum the Indonesia military killed and intimidated the people. Results: UN forces came into East Timor to help keep peace, East Timor became fully independent in 2007

18. Third Party Defined Challenges THIRD-PARTY
A third party such as the UN may become involved to reach agreements in national self-determination.
Western Sahara: The UN has been in negotiations with Morocco to create a sovereign country of Western Sahara for the indigenous people. There is no process for international forces or a proper system for resolution, conflict has often resulted. Results: Both parties have to be willing to accept third party findings.

19. Self-determination and the indigenous people
ID and self-determination
Nunavut P
For many indigenous people self-determination if not just about political status, it is also tied to a sense of cultural vitality and respect for the bond between the people and the earth.
The people of Nunavut achieved self-determination and have responsibility over most of their territory. They do have control over areas like education, health and social services but do not have control over land and natural resources with much of their land still controlled by the crown. Nunavut’s Department of Environment does have the lead responsibility for ensuring the protection, promotion and sustainable use of natural resources, and for managing commitments under land claims. Conflict can arise when the crown and the Nunavut gov’t disagree.

20. Self-determination and Tibet
Self Immolation
2013
Emerging with control over most of mainland China after the Chinese Civil War, the People's Republic of China incorporated Tibet in 1950 and negotiated the Seventeen Point Agreement with the newly enthroned 14th Dalai Lama's government, affirming the People's Republic of China's sovereignty but granting the area autonomy. Subsequently, on his journey into exile, the 14th Dalai Lama completely repudiated the agreement, which he has repeated on many occasions.[52][53]
After the Dalai Lama government fled to Dharamsala, India, during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion, it established a rival government-in-exile. Afterwards, the Central People's Government in Beijing renounced the agreement and began implementation of the halted social and political reforms.[54] During the Great Leap Forward between 200,000 and 1,000,000 Tibetans died,[55] and approximately 6,000 monasteries were destroyed around the Cultural Revolution.[56] In 1962 China and India fought a brief war over the disputed South Tibet and Aksai Chin regions. Although China won the war, Chinese troops withdrew north of the McMahon Line, effectively ceding South Tibet back to India.[50]
In 1980, General Secretary and reformist Hu Yaobang visited Tibet, and ushered in a period of social, political, and economic liberalization.[57] At the end of the decade, however analogously to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries started protesting for independence, and so the government halted reforms and started an anti-separatist campaign.[57] Human rights organisations have been critical of the Beijing and Lhasa governments' approach to human rights in the region when cracking down on separatist convulsions that have occurred around monasteries and cities, most recently in the 2008 Tibetan unrest.

21. Balancing Nationalism vs. Internationalism
To some extent, nationalism must be sacrificed in the interest of internationalism as countries must balance their own requirements or desires.
If governments are committed to internationalism, they must consider global issues and how policies made within their countries could impact other countries.
Being a member of an international organization can also mean sacrificing some sovereignty in order to support the goals and priorities of the organization.

22. International Laws or Agreements
Countries sometimes sign international laws or agreements in order to promote internationalism.
These laws or agreements may include those related to environmental issues such as the Kyoto Protocol.
Economic agreements, such as those made by the World Trade Organization.

23. Organizations that promote internationalism?