2. Grouping bags that carry your books
Determine a common name for all the bags that carry your books
Divide your bags into 2 – 3 groups based on a common characteristic for each group
Divide each group from #2 into 2-3 groups depending on their common characteristics & move them
Continue to do this 4 more times, getting more specific each time.
Once you get to an end point where you can no longer divide them up, start giving them two part names (Purpleus bistrapus)

3. Taxonomy
Determine a common name for all the bags that carry your books
Divide your bags into 2 – 3 groups based on a common characteristic for each group
Divide each group from #2 into 2-3 groups depending on their common characteristics & move them
Continue to do this 4 more times, getting more specific each time.
Once you get to an end point where you can no longer divide them up, start giving them two part names (Purpleus bistrapus)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus & species names

4. Chapter 17: Classification

5. What does it mean to classify?
Could you imagine your closet or your drawers in your room not being organized?
What if you just threw the kitchen utensils into a drawer?
Puts order into a system or group
Give some examples from your life where you have formed a classification system to make your life easier

6. Taxonomy
Field of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history

7. Classification systems
1st system – Aristotle’s grouped plants and animals by land, sea and air.
Modern system - Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778)

8. Modern system is based on morphological similarities.
Hierarchy of eight groups (Taxa)
Domain – New taxon. Eukarya
Kingdom – largest most inclusive grouping- Animalia
Phylum (Division in plants)- Chordata
Class - Mammalia
Order - Primate
Family - Hominidae
Genus - Homo
species – most exclusive, specific group. Members of this grouping can mate and produce viable offspring - sapiens
varieties – same species but with slight differences
subspecies – same species, different location

9. Some past systems Linnaeus 1735 2 kingdoms Haeckel 1866 3 kingdoms
Chatton empires
Copeland kingdoms
Whittaker kingdoms
Woese et al. 1977[8] 6 kingdoms
Woese et al. 1990[9] 3
domains
(not
treated)
Protista
Prokaryota
Monera
Eubacteria
Bacteria
Archaebacteria
Archaea
Plantae
Eukarya
Vegetabilia
Fungi
Animalia

10. What’s in a name?
Binomial nomenclature – each species in given a two part name
Genus name – Homo or Homo
species name – species identifier – usually descriptive - sapiens or sapiens
**Latin is the language of classification – universal and does not evolve (Dead language)

11. Today, we use Phylogeny (based on evolutionary history) for classification
Systematics – organizes living things in the context of evolution
Phylogenetic tree – family tree that shows evolutionary relationships.
Use morphology and ontogeny (embryological development).
Look at early development.
Zygote (1 cell) to morula(solid ball of cells), to blastula (hollow ball stage) with the blastopore (indentation of gastrula) becoming the anterior end of the digestive tract in most animals. In echinoderms (sea stars) and chordates (that’s us), it is the posterior end. So we are more closely related to the echinoderms than the Arthropods (Insects and crustaceans)

12. Blastopore
Zygote Morula Blastula

13. Also used: Fossil record
Macromolecules – comparison of DNA and proteins. More proteins in common, more recently two species shared a common ancestor.
“Molecular clock” model compares amino acids in a protein sequence. Ie. Our Hemoglobin and a gorilla’s is only 1 amino acid off in a chain of 146 amino acids.
Chromosomes – More similar the karyotypes, the more similar the organisms

14. Cladistics Named for branches of trees called clades
Uses certain features (derived characters) to show evolutionary relationships
Derived characteristics – unique feature to a group (feathers in birds)
Cladistics, ignores when and where a branch occurs, using only derived characters to define each branch point by a fundamental character of evolutionary significance.

15. Cladogram is a useful way of organizing, in a visual way, the relationships between creatures that share and do not share derived characters.
Construction begins with data; a table of traits or characteristics that have evolved or been derived by the evolutionary process.

16. Derived Characters segmented jaws hair placenta multicellular kangaroo
limbs
kangaroo + -
earthworm
amoeba
lizard
cat
sponge
salmon

17. Amoeba Sponge Earthworm Salmon Lizard Kangaroo Cat
Placenta
Hair
Limbs
Jaws
Segmented
Multicellular

18. Monotreme mammals Marsupial mammals Placental mammals Fish Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Warm-blooded
Placenta
Early Internal development
Hair
Amniotic egg
Lungs

20. The New and Improved Six Kingdom System
Cell Type
# of Cells
Nutrition
Representative organism
Archaebacteria
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Autotrophic or
Heterotrophic
Blue-green bacteria, Methanogens
Eubacteria
E.coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Spirochetes
Protista
Eukaryotic
Uni, multi or colonial
Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Plasmodium, Diatoms
Fungi
Uni or Multicellular
Yeast, Mushrooms, Molds, smuts, rusts
Plantae
Multicellular
Autotrophic
(some
heterotrophic)
Mosses, ferns, Horsetails, Conifers, Flowering plants
Animalia
Sponges, Coral, Sea stars, EW, Insects, Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

21. Archaebacteria Many live in harsh environments (extremophiles)
– Archae – Ancient
Asexually reproduces by binary fission

22. Eubacteria Eu – true Most of the bacteria belong here
Asexually reproduces by binary fission

23. Protista
Pro – first
Plant-like, Animal-like and Fungus-like characteristics.
Least clear cut of all kingdoms.
Asexually by binary fission & segmentation

24. Fungi Absorptive heterotrophs. Cell walls made of chitin.
Reproduces sexually and asexually

25. Plantae Multicellular photosynthetic organisms
a cell wall made of cellulose
Reproduces asexually and sexually

26. Animalia Multicellular ingestive heterotrophs.
Reproduces asexually and sexually

27. Three - Domain System
Woese compared rRNA to show that living things can be grouped into 3 groups/domains
The domains:
Bacteria (Eubacteria)
Archaea (Archaebacteria)
Eukarya (Everything else)

28. Human Classification:
Domain - Eukarya
Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Chordata
Class – Mammalia
Order – Primate
Family – Hominidae
Genus – Homo
species – sapiens

29. Dichotomous key
Uses a branching system of two features to separate steps. Helps in identification process
1A. With hair Mammal
B. Without hair Go to 2
2A. Has scales Go to 3
B. Does not have scales Go to 4
3A. Has a three chambered heart Reptiles
B. Has a two chambered heart Fish
4A. Has feathers Birds
B. Does not have feathers Amphibians

30. Dichotomous Key
Is a method for determining the identity of something by going through a series of choices that leads the user to the correct name of the organism.
Dichotomous means "divided in two parts".
At each step of the process of using the key, the user is given two choices; each alternative leads to another question until the item is identified

31. 1a. Wings covered by an exoskeleton…..... Go to 2
b. Wings not covered by an exoskeleton …Go to 3
2a. Body has a round shape………… Ladybug
b. Body has an elongated shape Grasshopper
3a. Wings fold against body Housefly
b. Wings point out from sides……..…….Dragonfly

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