1. Ch. 9 Memory
Mr. McElhaney
PLHS

3. Remembering is an Active Process
Memories can be lost and revised
Types of Memory
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory
Info that appears to be lost may still be in memory
Problems with memory:
Forgetting and storage issues
Recovered memories are problematic
Strategies such as Mnemonics can improve memory

4. Basics
Definition- Memory is an active system that receives, stores and organizes, alters, and recovers information
Encoding- info is changed into usable and storable form
Encoding-Storage-Retrieval

5. 3 Part System Memory
Sensory
STM (Working)
LTM

6. Sensory Memory New info is perceived through the senses
Info is held exactly as perceived for a few seconds (Transduced)
Preceding short term Memory

7. All of the Senses: Use Transduction:
The process of changing energy (stimulus) to a form that can be processed by the nervous system-
For example- light to a form that can be recognized by the retina.

8. Dual System in Memory Short Term Memory Long Term Memory
Small desk and file cabinet concept

10. Fig. 9. 2 Remembering is thought to involve at least three steps
Fig. 9.2 Remembering is thought to involve at least three steps. Incoming information is first held for a second or two by sensory memory. Information selected by attention is then transferred to temporary storage in short-term memory. If new information is not rapidly encoded, or rehearsed, it is forgotten. If it is transferred to long-term memory, it becomes relatively permanent, although retrieving it may be a problem. The preceding is a useful model of memory; it may not be literally true of what happens in the brain (Eysenck & Keane, 1995).

11. Short Term Memory 1 Is working memory Includes Selective attention
Holds small amounts of info for a brief time
Encoding in STM-
memories are stored by images
And phonetically- by sound, words and letters

12. Short Term Memory 2 Storehouse for small amounts of info
Phone numbers/shopping lists
Working memory holds info while other activities are taking place.
Is sensitive to interruption + interference

13. Processing info helps Memory
Connecting to LTM
Chunking
Rehearsal
Elaborative Rehearsal

14. Short Term Memory 3 Limited size = 7 “slots”/Information bits
Good mem = 9 bits
Recoding= reorganizing information
Chunking = form of recoding, creating connections/groups between info
Rehearsal- repeating info increases STM and can lead to transfer to LTM

15. Elaborate Rehearsal –
Linking new info to memories in LTM will improve memory
Elaborate = extend, think about info as you study
Ask yourself “why” why would that be true?
Try to relate new ideas to your own experiences and knowledge

16. Long Term Memory Found in the Cortex of Brain
Hippocampus clearly associated with memory (see brain map of memory)
permanent storehouse for Memory
Everything you know goes into LTM
Important + Meaningful info gets transferred to LTM
The more you know the easier it is to add memory

19. Long Term Memory Encoding = storage (LTM) stored based on meaning
Recoding/reorganizing/revision is present in LTM
example- Chunking can/will work in LTM
Constructive Processing = updating memory
Fills in the gaps of memory with logical conclusions or extensions, or inferences
(Pseudo Memories are false memories)
Relates to how we can sometimes not know the source of some memories

20. Organization of Info in LTM
Patterns of Association = memory structure
Examples: rules, images, symbols, similarities, formal meaning, personal meaning
Network Model (or schema)
Associations of new of linked ideas
We make organization based on linked meanings

21. Memory Aids
Chunking info= try to link 2-3 or more facts into larger chinks and your memory will improve
Key to memory is to find meaning
Always think about how you feel about things

22. Fig. 9.7 In the model shown here, long-term memory is divided into procedural memory (learned actions and skills) and declarative memory (stored facts). Declarative memories can be either semantic (impersonal knowledge) or episodic (personal experiences associated with specific times and places).

23. Types of LTM = skill and fact
Procedural- Skill
Conditioned Response
Learned Actions
Automatic
Lower brain-cerebellum
Typing and Driving Actions

24. Types of Memory Declarative- Facts Episodic Memory= experiences
Names, faces, dates, words, ideas
Expressed in words and symbols
Semantic Memory
Encyclopedia of basic knowledge
You don’t forget
Episodic Memory= experiences
Autobiographic
When we access we re-experience
Most easily forgotten LTM

25. Memory Formation Consolidation- the forming of LTM memory
Takes time to move info from STM to LTM
Meaning is key

26. Re-dintegrative Memories
Memories in LTM
Can be triggered by cues
Cues (associations/clues) always enhance memories
Triggered memories are cues to other connected memories
Pictures, smells, songs, sounds
Cue-Dependent Forgetting
Stimuli associated with memory are missing

27. Memory Tasks- LTM Recall Direct Retrieval of Info Who-What Facts
Recognition
Previous learned info is correctly identified
MC tests
Accurate for visuals
Relearning
Reviewing previously exposed to/learned info
25% greater proficiency
Review helps we Re-learn faster.

28. Serial Position Effect
STM
Being able to memorize the beginning and end of a list
But not the middle
Why?-
The end- interference, STM has limited capacity

29. Implicit and Explicit Memories
Implicit Memories
We are not aware
Unconscious
Priming
Giving a person limited cues
Info previously learned is reflected in cued responses
Related to implicit memory
Sub-conscious
Explicit Memories
Recall is used
Conscious memories
Trying to remember

30. Forgetting
Encoding Failure: When a memory was never formed in the first place
Memory Traces: Physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that occur when memories are stored
Memory Decay: When memory traces become weaker; fading or weakening of memories
Disuse: Theory that memory traces weaken when memories are not used or retrieved

31. Blocking
Repression
Suppression

32. Brain Anatomy and Memory
Locations of memory is identified through brain mapping
Experiments through Electroconvulsive Shock destroys memory
Mostly effects recent memories
Before Consolidation

33. Brain #2 Hippocampus= closely associated with LTM
Used in Consolidation of memory
Known as the “Switching Station” between STM and LTM
Grows neurons that make new connections with in the brain
Damage to hippocampus = Aterograde amnesia= inability to store new memories LTM (“50 First Dates”)

34. Brain 3 3lbs of brain Cerebral Cortex- multiple areas associated
Front of Cortex = Episodic Memory- events
Back area of Cortex = Semantic Memory- ideas

35. Amnesia Retrograde (before) Amnesia
Forgetting events that occur before an injury or trauma
Anterograde- Amnesia
“50 First Dates”
Forgetting invents tha follow an injury

36. Memory Supports Making Notes- write things down
Prevents info from slipping out of short term memory before you can review it and store it more permanently

37. Sorry, not finished with this ppt.