1. Planning Children And Contraception
Chapter 10
Planning Children And Contraception

2. Chapter Outline Do You Want to Have Children?
How Many Children Do You Want?
Teenage Motherhood
Infertility
Adoption
Foster Parenting
Contraception
Abortion

3. True or False?
Most men of partners who had an abortion tended to regret the abortion.

4. Answer: False
Researchers conducted interviews with men 4 and 12 months after their partners had had an abortion.
Overwhelmingly, the men were happy with the decision of their partners to have an abortion.
About a third were not using contraception a year later.

5. True or False?
Children of donor sperm want to find more about their father due to economic motives.

6. Answer: False
Researchers studied individuals conceived through a sperm donor.
80% indicated a moderate interest in learning more about the donor.
None reported wanting money.
7% reported wanting a father-child relationship.

7. Social Influences Motivating Individuals to Have Children
Family
Friends
Religion
Race
5. Government
6. Economy
7. Cultural Observances

8. Pronatalism Attitudes that encourage childbearing.
Family, friends, religion, and government help develop positive attitudes toward parenthood.
Cultural observances reinforce these attitudes.

9. Individual Motivations for Having Children
Conscious motivations include:
the desire for love and companionship with one’s own offspring.
the desire to be personally fulfilled as an adult by having a child.

10. Companionship as a Motivator of Parenthood
Pg. 277 Bottom left
This father of two sons has shared experiences with his children since they were young. Here, the father and son are on a trip to New Zealand.

11. Question Pronatalism refers to which of the following?
sanctifying children to their religion
encouraging childbearing
encouraging stability regarding overpopulation
sexual values

12. Answer: B
Pronatalism refers to encouraging childbearing.

13. Older Parents
There are advantages and disadvantages of having a child as an older parent.
Primary advantage is the amount of attention the parents can devote to their offspring.
The primary disadvantage is that the parents are likely to die before, or early in, the child’s adult life.

14. Older Parents Aleta St. James was 57 when she had these twins.
How old is too old to become a parent?
Pg. 277 Upper right

15. Lifestyle Changes and Parenthood
Daily living routines become focused around the children.
Living arrangements change to provide space for another person in the household.
Some parents change their work schedule to allow them to be home more.
A major lifestyle change is the loss of freedom of activity and flexibility in one’s personal schedule.

16. Financial Costs of Parenthood
An uncomplicated birth, with a 2-day hospital stay, may total $10,000.
A cesarean section birth may cost $14,000.
Annual cost of a child less than 2 years old for middle income parents ($41,700 to $70,200), including housing, food, transportation, clothing, health care, and childcare, is $9,840.
For a 15- to 17-year-old the cost is $10,900.

17. Childfree Marriage Reasons for not having children include:
freedom to spend time and money as they choose
ability to enjoy their partner without interference
pursue their career
avoid health problems
avoid passing on genetic disorders.

18. Childfree Marriage
Pg. 280
This married couple delight in their childfree lifestyle.
They own a nice home on a golf course, travel extensively, and have a network of close friends.
They do have two dogs and a cat.

19. How Many Children? One in five women aged 40 to 44 has a single child.
The most preferred family size in the United States is the two-child family.
Couples are more likely to have a third child if they already have two girls rather than two boys.

20. Teenage Motherhood Problems: Stigmatized and marginalized
Poverty among single teen mothers and their children
Poor health habits
Lower academic achievement
Deficit nurturing skills
Anxious/depressed teen father

21. Types of Infertility Primary
A woman has never conceived though she has had regular sexual relations for 12 months.
Secondary
A woman has previously conceived but is currently unable to do so even though she has had regular sexual relations 12 months.
Pregnancy wastage.
A woman has been able to conceive but has been unable to produce a live birth.

22. Infertility 40% of infertility problems are attributed to the woman.
40% of infertility problems are attributed to the man.
20% of infertility problems are attributed to both the man and woman.

23. Causes of Male Infertility
Low sperm production
Poor semen motility
Effects of sexually transmitted diseases
Interference with passage of sperm through the genital ducts due to an enlarged prostate

24. Causes of Female Infertility
Blocked fallopian tubes
Endocrine imbalance that prevents ovulation
Dysfunctional ovaries
Chemically hostile cervical mucus that may kill sperm
Effects of sexually transmitted diseases

25. Assisted Reproductive Technology
Hormone Therapy
Artificial Insemination
Artificial Insemination of a Surrogate Mother
In Vitro Fertilization
Ovum Transfer

26. INSERT VIDEO
8. Sperm Donors: The Aftermath (Run Time: 6:01)

27. Adoption
Demographic characteristics of those who typically adopt: white, educated, and high-income.
Adoptees in the highest demand are healthy, white infants.
Those who are older, of a racial or ethnic group different from the adoptive parents, of a sibling group, or with physical or developmental disabilities are more difficult to place.

28. Adoption Transracial Adoption
Adopting children of a race different from that of the parents.
Open Adoptions
In an open adoption, the biological parent can stay involved in the child’s life.

29. Question Demographic characteristics of people who typically adopt are
white, educated, and high-income.
young, flexible, and idealistic.
families who want a child of a different sex than their own child.
older, gay, and single.

30. Answer: A
Demographic characteristics of people who typically adopt are white, educated, and high-income.

31. INSERT VIDEO
9. Gay Adoption (Run time: 3:32)

32. Foster Parenting
A foster parent, also known as a family caregiver, is a person who takes care of and fosters a child taken into custody.
About 600,000 children are in foster care.

33. Hormonal Contraceptives
Oral Contraceptive Agents
Birth control pill
Jadelle®
Silicone implants inserted under the skin in the upper inner arm provide time-release progestin into a woman’s system.
Implanon®
A system that provides pregnancy protection for 3 years after insertion.

34. Hormonal Contraceptives
Depo-Provera®
A compound similar to progesterone injected into a woman’s arm or buttock that protects a woman against pregnancy for three months.
Vaginal Ring
A soft, flexible, and transparent ring that is worn inside the vagina and provides month long pregnancy protection.

35. Hormonal Contraceptives
Transdermal Applications
Ortho Evra® is a transdermal patch that delivers hormones to a woman’s body through skin absorption.
Male Hormonal Methods
Numerous studies have found that administration of testosterone to men reduces sperm count and is a very efficient method of contraception.

36. Condoms
Male Condom
The condom is a thin sheath made of latex, polyurethane, or natural membranes.
Female Condom
The female condom resembles the male condom except that it fits in the woman’s vagina to protect her from pregnancy, HIV infection, and other STDs.

37. Female Condom
Pg. 296

38. Contraception Spermicides A chemical that kills sperm.
Intrauterine Device (IUD)
Inserted into the uterus by a physician to prevent the fertilized egg from implanting on the uterine wall or to dislodge the fertilized egg if it has already implanted.

39. Contraception Diaphragm
A shallow rubber dome attached to a flexible, circular steel spring.
Cervical Cap
A thimble-shaped contraceptive device made of rubber or polyethylene that fits tightly over the cervix and is held in place by suction.

40. Contraception Natural Family Planning
Refraining from sexual intercourse during the seven to ten days each month when the woman is thought to be fertile.

41. Nonmethods of Contraception
Withdrawal is the practice whereby the man withdraws his penis from the vagina before he ejaculates.
Douching refers to rinsing or cleansing the vaginal canal.

42. Emergency Contraception
Combined Estrogen-Progesterone
The most common morning-after pills are combined estrogen-progesterone oral contraceptives taken to prevent pregnancy.
Postcoital IUD
Insertion of a copper IUD 5 to 7 days after ovulation in a cycle when unprotected intercourse has occurred.

43. Mifepristone (RU-486)
A synthetic steroid that inhibits implantation of a fertilized egg.
The so-called abortion pill, approved by the FDA in the United States in 2000 can be given to induce abortion within seven weeks of pregnancy.
Side effects may include cramping, nausea, vomiting, and breast tenderness.
More than 90% of U.S. women who tried RU-486 would recommend and choose it over surgery again.

44. Question Which of the following is not a form of birth control?
vasectomy
salpingectomy
douching
laparoscopy

45. Answer: C
Douching is not a form of birth control.

46. Methods of Contraception
Effectiveness Rates
STI
Protection
Costs
The Pill
92% No
$10–42 /month
Jadelle®
99.95%
$300–600
Depo-Provera ®
97%
$45–75 /injection
Transdermal patch
$15–32 /month

47. Methods of Contraception
Effectiveness Rates
STI
Protection
Costs
Vaginal Ring
92% No
$15–48 /month
Male condom
85%
Yes
$2-10/box
Female condom
79%
$4-10/box

48. Methods of Contraception
Effectiveness Rates
STI
Protection
Costs
Spermicide
71% No
$8–18
Today®
Sponge
68-84%
$3-5 /sponge
Diaphragm/Cervical cap
$50 to $200 +spermicide

49. Methods of Contraception
Effectiveness Rates
STI
Protection
Costs
IUD
98.2%-99% No
$150–300
Withdrawal
73% $0
Periodic abstinence
75%
Emergency contraception
$10–32
Abstinence
100%

50. Methods of Contraception
Benefits
Disadvantages
The Pill
Highly effective. 24-hour protection. Menstrual regulation.
Daily administration. Side effects.
Jadelle®
Highly effective. Long-term protection.
Side effects. Menstrual changes.

51. Methods of Contraception
Benefits
Disadvantages
Depo-Provera ®
Highly effective. Long-term protection.
Can impact bone density. Not recommended for use longer than 2 years. Side effects.
Transdermal patch
Same as oral contraceptives.
Patch changed weekly. Side effects possible. 60% more hormone exposure than pills.

52. Methods of Contraception
Benefits
Disadvantages
Vaginal Ring
Lower hormone levels may mean fewer side effects than pills.
Must be comfortable with body for insertion.
Male condom
Few or no side effects. Easy to purchase and use.
Can interrupt spontaneity.

53. Methods of Contraception
Benefits
Disadvantages
Female condom
Few or no side effects. Easy to purchase and use.
Decreased sensation. Insertion takes practice.
Spermicide
Many forms to choose. Easy to purchase and use.
Can cause irritation.Can be messy.

54. Methods of Contraception
Benefits
Disadvantages
Today®
Sponge
Few side effects. Effective for 24 hours after insertion.
Spermicide irritation possible.
Diaphragm/Cervical cap
Few side effects. Can be inserted within 2 hours
Can be messy. Risk of vaginal/UTI infections.

55. Methods of Contraception
Benefits
Disadvantages
IUD
Little maintenance. Longer term protection.
Risk of PID increased. Chance of expulsion.
Withdrawal
Requires little planning. Always available.
Pre-ejaculatory fluid can contain sperm.

56. Methods of Contraception
Benefits
Disadvantages
Periodic abstinence
No side effects. Widely accepted.
Requires a lot of planning.
Emergency contraception
Provides option after intercourse has occurred.
Must be taken within 72 hours. Side effects likely.
Abstinence
No risk of pregnancy or STDs.
Partners both have to agree to abstain.

57. Question Of the following, the most effective form of contraception is
the pill
an IUD
abstinence
a diaphragm and cervical cap

58. Answer: C
Abstinence is the most effective form of contraception.

59. Female Sterilization
Salpingectomy (tubal ligation), is often performed just after a woman has delivered a baby.
The operation takes about thirty minutes.
About 700,000 are performed annually.
Cost is around $2500.
A less expensive and quicker (15 minutes) form of salpingectomy, performed is the laparoscopy.

60. Female Sterilization: Tubal Sterilization

61. Male Sterilization
Vasectomies are the most frequent form of male sterilization.
The physician makes two small incisions, one on either side of the scrotum, so a small portion of the sperm-carrying ducts can be cut out and tied closed.
Sperm are still produced but since there is no tube to the penis, they remain in the epididymis and eventually dissolve.

62. Abortion
An induced abortion is the deliberate termination of a pregnancy through chemical or surgical means.
A spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) is the unintended termination of a pregnancy.

63. Abortion Rates and Ratios for Selected Years
Number of abortions per 1,000 women 15-44)
Number of abortions per 1,000 live births
1980 25
359
1990 24
344
2002 16
246

64. Who Gets Abortions and Why
1209 pregnant women who reported having an reported the following reasons:
74% - The child would interfere with education, work, or ability to care for dependents.
73% - She could not afford a baby now.
48% - She did not want to be a mother or was having relationship problems.

65. The Abortion Issue
Pg. 304
Abortion remains a controversial issue.

66. Pro-Life Advocates Advocate restrictive abortion or a ban on abortion.
They essentially believe the following:
The unborn fetus has a right to live.
Abortion is an immoral solution to unintended pregnancy.
The life of an unborn fetus is sacred and should be protected, even at the cost of individual difficulties for the pregnant woman.

67. Pro-Choice Advocates
Support the legal availability of abortion for all women.
They essentially believe the following:
Freedom of choice is a central value.
Those who must bear the burden of their choices ought to have the right to make these choices.
Procreation choices must be free of governmental control.

68. Physical Effects of Abortion
Postabortion complications include:
possibility of incomplete abortion
uterine infection
excessive bleeding
perforation or laceration of the uterus, bowel, or adjacent organs
adverse reaction to a medication or anesthetic

69. Psychological Effects of Abortion
For most women, a legal first-trimester abortion does not create psychological hazards, and symptoms of distress are within normal bounds.

70. Should You Have an Abortion?
Consider the alternatives available, realizing that no alternative may be all good or all bad.
Obtain information about each course of action.
Talk with trusted family members, friends, or unbiased counselors.
Consider your own personal and moral commitments in life.