1. SARA ALEXANDER, JOHN DICHIRICO, REBECCA LUCAS, KRYSTAL STARKS Not Just Deaf or Hard of Hearing

2. The Ethnic Dimension Ethnic Identity:  “A DYNAMIC, MULTIDIMENSIONAL CONSTRUCT THAT REFERS TO ONE’S IDENTITY OR SENSE OF SELF AS A MEMBER OF AN ETHNIC GROUP.” (Phinney 2002, p. 63) Ethnic Groups Include (1 or more):  C ULTURE  P HENOTYPE  R ELIGION  L ANGUAGE  K INSHIP  P LACE OF ORIGIN

3. The Ethnic Dimension Subjective Aspects:  T HE ETHNIC SELF - LABEL USED BY INDIVIDUALS  T HE SUBJECTIVE SENSE OF BELONGING TO AN ETHNIC GROUP AND THEIR FEELINGS ABOUT THAT BELONGING IN TERMS OF STRENGTH AND VALENCE  T HEIR LEVEL OF ETHNIC IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT IN TERMS OF CONSCIOUS SELF - EXPLORATION IN THE PROCESS OF MOVING TOWARD A FULLY INTERNALIZED ETHNIC IDENTITY

4. The Ethnic Dimension Skin color  DOES NOT DETERMINE ETHNIC GROUP MEMBERSHIP Language:  is often considered an ethnic marker because it connects personal and ethnic identity  N OT ALWAYS TRUE SINCE CHILDREN WHO ARE 3 RD GENERATION IN A MERICA LEARN E NGLISH AND RARELY BILINGUAL Implications  PEOPLE WHO ARE A MINORITY IN AN AREA LEADS TO PRIVILEGE TO THE MAJORITY GROUP AND DISCRIMINATION AND PREJUDICE TO THE MINORITY GROUP. EX: W HITE P RIVILEGE

5. The Ethnic Dimension Ethnic Identity Development:  S HAPED BY INTERACTION WITH PEERS, FAMILY, INSTITUTIONS, AND OVERARCHING SOCIAL CULTURE  M ODELS FOCUS ON HOW MEMBERS OF OPPRESSED RACIAL OR ETHNIC GROUPS DEVELOP A POSITIVE SENSE OF SELF D EVELOPMENT S TAGES :  P ASSIVE - ACCEPTANCE  P RE - ENCOUNTER / CONFORMITY PHASE  I MMERSION  I NTEGRATION / BICULTURAL STANCE

6. The Ethnic Dimension S TAGES OF D EVELOPMENT S ELF A TTITUDE A TTITUDE TO OTHERS OF SAME MINORITY A TTITUDE TO OTHERS OF DIFF. MINORITY A TTITUDE TO DOMINANT GROUP S TAGE 1: C ONFORMITY SELF - DEPRECIATING OR NEUTRAL GROUP - DEPRECIATING OR NEUTRAL DISCRIMINATORY OR NEUTRAL GROUP - APPRECIATING S TAGE 2: DISSONANCE AND APPRECIATING CONFLICT BETWEEN SELF - DEPRECIATING AND GROUP - APPRECIATING C ONFLICT BETWEEN GROUP - DEPRECIATING VIEWS OF MINORITY HIERARCHY AND FEELINGS OF SHARED EXPERIENCES C ONFLICT BETWEEN DOMINANT - HELD AND GROUP - DEPRECIATING C ONFLICT BETWEEN GROUP - APPRECIATING S TAGE 3: R ESISTANCE AND IMMERSION S ELF - APPRECIATING G ROUP - APPRECIATING EXPERIENCES AND FEELINGS OF CULTUROCENTRISM C ONFLICT BETWEEN FEELINGS OF EMPATHY FOR OTHER MINORITY GROUP - DEPRECIATING S TAGE 4: I NTROSPECTION C ONCERN WITH BASIS OF SELF - APPRECIATION C ONCERN WITH NATURE OF UNEQUIVOCAL APPRECIATION C ONCERN WITH ETHNOCENTRIC BASIS OF JUDGING OTHERS C ONCERN WITH THE BASIS OF GROUP - DEPRECIATION S TAGE 5: I NTEGRATIVE AWARENESS S ELF - APPRECIATION G ROUP - APPRECIATION S ELECTIVE APPRECIATION

7. The Ethnic Dimension A CCULTURATION M ODELS :  F ROM IMMIGRATION EXPERIENCE  H OW IMMIGRANTS RELATED TO THEIR CULTURE OF ORIGIN AS THEY WERE ACCOMMODATING TO THE NEW CULTURE THEY ENTERED ( BIRMAN, 1994). T WO TYPES :  A CCULTURATION PER SE –C ULTURAL ENCOUNTERS THAT CHANGE CULTURAL BEHAVIOR AND COMPETENCE, DEPENDING ON THE CULTURE ONE IS ACCULTURATING TO.  P SYCHOLOGICAL ACCULTURATION – A CCULTURATION EXPERIENCES (EX: THOSE THAT AFFECT SENSE OF WELL - BEING ) THAT CAUSES PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGE.

8. The Ethnic Dimension A CCULTURATION TESTING STRATEGIES :  H OW MUCH EFFORT AN INDIVIDUAL PUTS TO SHEDDING THEIR ORIGINAL CULTURAL IDENTITY WHEN INTERACTING WITH ANOTHER CULTURE  S EPARATION STRATEGY – WHEN INDIVIDUALS HOLD ON TO ONE CULTURE AND AVOID ANOTHER CULTURE AND THEIR MEMBERS  I NTEGRATION – EFFORT MADE TO MAINTAIN ORIGINAL CULTURAL IDENTITY WHILE INTERACTING WITH OTHER CULTURES  M ARGINALIZATION – LITTLE POSSIBILITY OR INTEREST IN MAINTAINING A CULTURE WHILE HAVING OTHER CULTURAL RELATIONSHIPS E COCULTURAL CONTEXT  D ISCRIMINATION AND OPPRESSION PRESENCE BASED ON AN INDIVIDUAL ' S CULTURAL MEMBERSHIP AND WHETHER OR NOT THAT CULTURE IS DOMINANT.