1. © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Intercultural Communication in Contexts Third Edition Judith N. Martin and Thomas K. Nakayama Arizona State University CHAPTER Slide 1 5 Identity and Intercultural Communication

2. Slide 2 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Chapter Summary A Dialectical Approach to Understanding Identity Social and Cultural Identities Identity, Stereotypes, and Prejudice Identity Development Issues Identity and Language Identity and Communication

3. Slide 3 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Social Psychological Perspectives 1. The self is composed of multiple identities, created partly by self and partly through group membership. 2. Identities are formed through a series of conflicts, diffusion, confusion, and crises. A Dialectical Approach to Understanding Identity

4. Slide 4 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Social Psychological Perspectives (cont.) 3.Variations across cultures: a. Individualized identity b. Family identity c. Spiritual identity A Dialectical Approach to Understanding Identity

5. Slide 5 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Communication Perspective 1. Identities are negotiated, co-created, reinforced, and challenged through communication. 2. Sometimes the received image conflicts with the presented image. a) Avowal b) Ascription A Dialectical Approach to Understanding Identity

6. Slide 6 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Communication Perspective (cont.) 3. Different identities are emphasized depending on the context. 4. Identities are expressed communicatively in core symbols, labels, and norms. A Dialectical Approach to Understanding Identity

7. Slide 7 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Critical Perspective 1. Identities are formed within the contexts of history, economics, politics, and discourse. 2. Interpellation establishes the foundation from which interaction occurs. 3. Identities are dynamic. A Dialectical Approach to Understanding Identity

8. Slide 8 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Social and Cultural Identities Gender Identity 1.Begins in infancy 2.Influenced by media, commercial interests, and changing cultural notions 3.Enacted through communication styles and other behaviors

9. Slide 9 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Social and Cultural Identities Age Identity 1.Influenced by changing cultural notions of how people our age should act and look. 2.Different generations have different philosophies, values, and ways of speaking.

10. Slide 10 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Social and Cultural Identities Racial and Ethnic Identity 1. Racial identity, or race consciousness, is a modern and sensitive issue. 2. Racial categories are constructed in social and historical contexts, and have implications for communication.

11. Slide 11 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Social and Cultural Identities Racial and Ethnic Identity (cont.) 3. Ethnic identity is a set of ideas about one's own ethnic group. 4. Includes self-identification, knowledge about ethnic culture, and feelings about belonging to a particular group.

12. Slide 12 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Social and Cultural Identities Racial and Ethnic Identity (cont.) 5. Some people see themselves has having a very specific ethnic identity, while others see themselves as simply "American". 6. Differing views on the relationship between racial and ethnic identities.

13. Slide 13 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Social and Cultural Identities Racial and Ethnic Identity (cont.) 7. Bounded cultures are groups that we belong to that are specific but not dominant. 8. Membership in the dominant culture is difficult to define, though real.

14. Slide 14 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Social and Cultural Identities Religious Identity 1. Often conflated with racial or ethnic identity 2. Often at the root of intercultural conflicts 3. Usually less salient than race or gender

15. Slide 15 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Social and Cultural Identities Class Identity 1. Often shapes our reactions to and interpretations of culture, and is reflected in communication and other behavior 2. Simultaneously recognized and denied by most Americans

16. Slide 16 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Social and Cultural Identities Class Identity (cont.) 3. Ambiguity of criteria for class membership 4. Overwhelming evidence debunks the myth of class mobility.

17. Slide 17 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Social and Cultural Identities National Identity 1.Legal status in relation to a nation 2.Not always clear-cut 3.Various ways of thinking about nationality 4. Complex relationship between ethnicity and nationality

18. Slide 18 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Social and Cultural Identities Regional Identity 1. Decreasing importance in the U.S. 2. Often affirmed by distinct cuisines, dress, manners, and languages.

19. Slide 19 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Social and Cultural Identities Personal Identity 1. Multiple and sometimes conflicting personal identities are real challenges for communication. 2. We use various ways to construct identity and portray ourselves as we want others to see us.

20. Slide 20 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Identity, Stereotypes, and Prejudice Stereotypes are widely held beliefs about a specific group of people. 1.They are positive or negative and help us know what to expect from people. 2.Detrimental when negative or rigid.

21. Slide 21 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Identity, Stereotypes, and Prejudice Stereotypes (cont.) 3. We remember information that supports them. 4. They come from many sources 5. Are unconscious and persistent.

22. Slide 22 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Identity, Stereotypes, and Prejudice Prejudice is a negative attitude toward a cultural group, based on little or no experience. 1.May arise from tensions between groups, negative past contacts, status differences, perceived threats, and the need to see our own groups as more positive than others.

23. Slide 23 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Identity, Stereotypes, and Prejudice Prejudice (cont.) 2. Four functions: a) utilitarian function b) ego-defense function c) value-expressive function d) knowledge function

24. Slide 24 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Identity, Stereotypes, and Prejudice Discrimination consists of overt actions to exclude, avoid, or distance as a result of stereotyping or prejudice. 1.Can be interpersonal, collective, or institutional.

25. Slide 25 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Identity, Stereotypes, and Prejudice Discrimination (cont.) 2. Can range from very subtle nonverbal behavior to verbal insults, job discrimination, physical violence, and systemic exclusion.

26. Slide 26 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Minority Identity Development 1. Unexamined Identity 2.Conformity 3.Resistance and Separatism 4.Integration Identity Development Issues

27. Slide 27 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Majority Identity Development 1. Unexamined Identity 2.Acceptance 3.Resistance 4.Redefinition 5.Integration Identity Development Issues

28. Slide 28 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Characteristics of Whiteness 1. A location of structural advantage 2.A standpoint from which to view society 3.A set of cultural practices Identity Development Issues

29. Slide 29 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Multicultural and Multiracial People 1. Biracial children may cycle through stages of dissonance, struggle for acceptance, and acceptance/ assertion Identity Development Issues

30. Slide 30 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Multicultural and Multiracial People (cont.) 2. Global nomads are children who grew up in many different cultural contexts. 3. People with long-term romantic interethnic or interracial relationships Identity Development Issues

31. Slide 31 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Multicultural and Multiracial People (cont.) 4. A multicultural person is one who comes to grips with a multiplicity of realities. 5. Cultural brokers can facilitate cross- cultural interaction and conflict. Identity Development Issues

32. Slide 32 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Multicultural and Multiracial People (cont.) 6. Two types of marginal individuals: a) Encapsulated marginals become trapped by their marginality. b) Constructive marginals thrive in their marginality. Identity Development Issues

33. Slide 33 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 1. Labels are significant in intercultural communication because of their relational meanings. 2. They construct relational meanings in communication situations. Identity and Language

34. Slide 34 © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 1. Identity has a profound influence on intercultural communication. 2. The dialectical perspective helps us recognize the importance of balancing both the individual and cultural aspects of others' identities. Identity and Communication