1. The Beginnings of a Global Age
Europe and the Americas from : How did European Colonization of the Americas shape global economies and societies?

2. First Encounters West Indies Conquistadors (conquerors)
Columbus encountered the Taino people
Friendly toward Spanish
Spanish treated them badly (assault, claimed land, killed resistance, demanded gold)
Conquistadors (conquerors)
Arrived in Haiti, Cuba, and the DR
Seized gold, forced conversion to Christianity

4. Spanish Conquistadors
Guns, Horses and Disease
Only 100’s of conquistadors versus millions of natives…but they had the advantage
Superior guns/cannons to native arrows/spears
Horses (natives had never seen horses)
Carry supplies, useful in battle, scary to natives
Smallpox, Measles, Influenza
Native Americans had no immunity
Spread rapidly and wiped out entire villages
Native American population of the Carribbean Islands declined by 90% in the 1500’s!!!!
Millions more would die as Europeans made their way inland

5. Cortez Conquers Mexico
Hernan Cortez landed on Mexican coast in 1519
Went to Tenochtitlan, the Aztec Empire’s capitol.
Aztecs
Aztecs had gained power and built their empire by conquering others and sacrificing captives to the Aztec gods.

6. The Takeover: Aztec Empire
Moctezuma, the Aztec Emperor, welcomes Cortez and sends religious gifts of gold, silver, turquoise and feathers.
Cortez persuades Moctezuma to sign over the land and treasure by forming alliances with the people that the Aztecs had conquered.
MORE Spanish conquistadors land on the coast and challenge Cortez! Aztecs drive Spanish out due to the confusion
Cortez retreats, plans assault.
Smallpox has begun to spread.
In 1521, Cortez attacks and demolishes Tenochtitlan. Tenochtitlan is the cite of modern day Mexico City, built by the Spanish on the ruins.

7. Pizarro take Peru Francisco Pizarro was inspired by Cortez’s success
Arrived in Peru in 1532
Atahualpa had just won the throne of the Incan Empire after a bloody civil war.
The Takeover: Incan Empire
Atahualpa refused to convert to Christianity or be ruled by the Spanish.
Pizarro captured and killed the ruler and slaughtered thousands of Incans.
Pizarro and Spanish forces took over the Incan empire (Peru, Ecuador and Chile)
Superior weapons, disease

8. Effects of the Spanish Conquistadors
A few hundred European Soldiers conquered millions of Native Americans (note: not Native NORTH Americans) in only a few decades.
Spanish:
Seized valuable goods
Used N.A. labor to mine silver
Spain became Europe’s greatest power
Natives:
Tens of thousands died
Many converted to Christianity hoping suffering would end
Maya kept fighting the Spanish, revolts among Inca, passive resistance through promoting native culture

9. Colonies!
What next?
Settlers and missionaries followed the conquistadors—established colonies.
New culture emerges:
Reflected European, Native American, and African tradition

10. Ruling the New Spanish Empire
By mid-1500, Spain claimed an empire stretching from California to South America.
Governing:
Viceroys—representatives to rule in the king’s name in each of the four new provinces.
Council of the Indies—passed laws for the colonies

11. Ruling the Empire (continued)
Catholic Church converted natives to Christianity
Controlled Economic Activity (Trade)
Silver and gold
Sugar cane
Encomienda—a system of forced labor
Natives forced to work mines and plantations
Brutality caused drastic declines in population
Workers brought from Africa to fill shortages (slaves!)

12. Colonial Society and Culture
Mixing diverse people gave rise to a new social structure
Blending traditions
Europeans learned:
Native architecture, ate native foods, traveled in Indian-style canoes, new artistic styles
Natives learned:
New religion, new animal like the horse
Africans contributed:
Farming methods, cooking styles, new crops, drama dance and songs for Christian services

13. Society Continued
Social Classes:

14. Beyond the Spanish Empire
Treaty of Torsedillas (1494)
Portugal claimed Brazil
Tupian Indians – Native Americans who lived in Brazil
Wiped out by disease
Portuguese Colonies began in 1530s
Grants of land given to nobles if they shared wealth with king
Exported brazilwood (dye) -- very profitable
(No gold or silver mining!)
Raising cattle
Plantation agriculture
Slaves used to clear land (Native and African)
New culture blending Euro, Native and African elements

15. English, French & Dutch Challenge
Other Euro powers jealous!
Portugal and Spain have strict control over trade.
Dutch, English and French Pirates prey on treasure ships leaving the Americas (Argh)
Privateers -- Pirates operating with European gov’t approval
Other explorers kept searching for gold, other treasure, and a northwest passage to Asia.

16. Assignment
Using your notes from today and previous days, create a Venn Diagram comparing and contrasting the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire.
You should have at least 5 significant differences on each side, and 5 significant similarities in the center.
Complete this in your notebooks.