1. Inbox - Make sure you have the following vocabulary words in your sourcebook: EnclosureUtilitarianismUrbanizationAssembly Line SmeltSocialismTenementStock CapitalMeans of productionLabor UnionCorporation FactoryCommunismDynamoCartel TurnpikeProletariatInterchangeable PartsGerm Theory

2. Essay: Industrial Revolution Causes Increased agricultural productivity Growing population New sources of energy (steam & coal) Growing demand for textiles and other mass produced goods Improved Technology (seed drill, spinning jenny, steam engine) Available natural resources, labor and money Strong, Stable governments (promoted economic growth)

3. Industrial Revolution Immediate Effects Rise of factories Changes in transportation and communication Urbanization New methods of production Rise of urban working class Growth of reform movements

4. Industrial Revolution Long Term Effects Growth of labor unions Inexpensive new products Spread of industrialization Rise of “big business” (corporations / stock /monopolies) Expansion of public education Expansion of middle class Competition for world trade Progress in medicine

5. Agricultural Revolution Dams, better fertilizer, crop rotation and new technology (seed drill) improved agricultural output. Enclosure movement: rich landowners fenced off land once shared by peasants; output increased but many farm workers lost their jobs and migrated to cities

6. Population Explosion Increased food supplies and declining death rates (due to improvements in sanitation and medicine) resulted in a rapid increase in population

7. New Technology Use of coal and steam power harnessed a new powerful source of energy Purification of iron (smelting) produced higher quality iron

8. Resources: Resources: Large supply of coal, iron and labor New Technology: New Inventions and a supply of skilled mechanics Economic Conditions: England had amassed great wealth to invest in shipping, mines, railroads and factories; population explosion led to increased demand for goods Social/Political: Britain had stable government that supported economic growth Why did the IR begin in England?

9. First industry to modernize was production of cotton cloth (textiles) Old system was “putting out”  distributing work to peasant families Inventions sped up production: flying shuttle, spinning jenny, Waterframe Because of cost of machines, factories developed to house equipment English Textile Industry

10. Turnpikes: privately built roads that charged traveler’s fees Steam Locomotive: railroads allowed factory owners to ship over land Steamships: faster and more powerful sea travel (more cargo) Transportation changes

11. New Industrial City Demand for labor led to urbanization (movement of people to cities) Cities became overcrowded, polluted and noisy Wealthy/middle class lived in nice neighborhoods; poor lived in crowded tenements in slums; poor sanitation led to rise in diseases

12. The Factory System Factories had rigid work schedule; 12-14 hour shifts; working conditions led to injuries and sickness. Women preferred to hire women (more obedient and could be paid less) Children were put to work because they were small and fast (eventually child labor outlawed)

13. Working & Middle Classes The Working Class Movement to cities disrupted family and community ties Some people rebelled by wrecking machines and burning factories (Luddites) Methodism: John Wesley establishes church that stresses sober, moral ways and social reform The Middle Class Some wealth went to new middle class (merchants, owners and inventors) Lived in nice homes, had good clothes and ate well Women ran household and servants did work; girls educated to run the house, boys educated for business

14. New Ideas Malthus: poverty and misery were unavoidable; population increases more rapidly than food supply Smith: free market will produce best result for all (Laissez-Faire) Ricardo: increasing population decreases wages Bentham: goal of society should be the greatest happiness for the greatest number of citizens (utilitarianism)

15. New Ideas Socialism: people as a whole would own and operate the means of production; would produce a classless society Utopians: designed self-sufficient communities where work was shared and property owned in common (Robert Owen) Marxism: history is record of unavoidable conflict between workers and owners; workers would rise up against owners and seize means of production

16. The Late Industrial Revolution IR spreads to other countries (Germany, France, US) Steel replaces iron; electricity replaces steam Interchangeable Parts and Assembly Line make production cheaper and quicker (lowering the price of goods) Automobiles, airplanes, telegraphs, telephones and radios examples of new technology Emergence of “big business” : stocks, corporations, monopolies

17. Social Changes Medicine: germ theory, vaccinations, antiseptics Cities: urban renewal, paved streets, lights, skyscrapers Factories: mutual-aid societies, labor unions Science: Geology, Evolution, Natural Selection Social Darwinism / Racism Women’s Suffrage Public Education