1. WORLD HISTORY CHAPTER 20 MASS SOCIETY AND DEMOCRACY

2. Section 1 – The Growth of Industrial Prosperity
New Products
Steel  took the place of iron...helped make machines lighter, smaller, & faster
Steel Production (GB, France, Germany, & Belgium)
1860 – 125,000 tons
1913 – 32,000,000 tons

3. Section 1 – The Growth of Industrial Prosperity
New Products
Electricity  used for heat, light, & motion
Thomas Edison – developed first American light bulb
Alexander Graham Bell – telephone
Guglielmo Marconi – radio
Wright Brothers - airplane

4. Section 1 – The Growth of Industrial Prosperity
New Patterns
Wages increased & product costs went down
Assembly line  new manufacturing method developed by Henry Ford...allowed Ford to mass produce his Model T automobile
Europe divided into two economic zones...Western Europe becomes industrialized & wealthy...Eastern Europe remained agricultural & poor

5. Section 1 – The Growth of Industrial Prosperity
The Communist Manifesto
Written in 1848 by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels
Said society was split into two groups
Bourgeoisie – middle class...the oppressors
Proletariat – working class...the oppressed
Marx believed the struggle b/w these two groups would lead to a revolution
Believed the proletariat would violently overthrow the bourgeoisie, set up a dictatorship, and create a classless society
Political parties based on the ideals of Marx began to grow throughout Europe

6. Section 2 – The Emergence of Mass Society
New Urban Environment
Many people moved from the countryside to cities to find work in factories
Population of London
1800 – 960,000
1900 – 6,500,000
Improvements in public health & sanitation helped living conditions in cities
Running water
Sewage systems
Dams & reservoirs for water
Gas & electric heaters

7. Section 2 – The Emergence of Mass Society
The Marriage Ideal
Men were viewed as tough, source of income, the “boss” of the relationship
Women were viewed as innocent, homemaker, needed to obey her husband
Family sizes (# of children) began to decrease b/c of better economic situation and increased use of birth control

8. Section 2 – The Emergence of Mass Society
The Family Ideal
See the growth of more “family” celebrations  Fourth of July and “modern version” of Christmas
Most children were working by age 9-10
Families began to be able to afford more comforts such as sewing machines & cast-iron stoves

9. Section 2 – The Emergence of Mass Society
Women’s Rights
Feminism began
Women fought for legal rights, education rights, voting rights, etc.
Many nations didn’t grant these rights until after WWI

10. Section 2 – The Emergence of Mass Society
Education
Access to education began to filter down from the upper class
Children b/w 6-12 were required to attend school
Nations began to set up schools & universities to help educate people
More education increased literacy rates in industrialized nations
Higher literacy rates helped the growth of newspapers

11. Section 2 – The Emergence of Mass Society
Leisure
All forms of leisure and entertainment began to grow (amusement parks, dance halls, sports)
Changes in leisure during this time:
1) Leisure came to be viewed as something fun done after work
2) Leisure became more passive (sit on a ferris wheel, watch a ballgame)
3) Leisure became something people paid for (amusement park, sporting event)

12. Section 3 – The National State & Democracy
Triple Alliance
Formed b/w Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy
Germany sought allies b/c it feared France (thought they were trying to create an anti-German alliance)
Germany maintained a separate treaty w/ Russia & tried to remain on good terms w/ Great Britain
1890 – Otto von Bismarck was removed from power in Germany...Germany dropped treaty w/ Russia
Otto von Bismarck

13. Section 3 – The National State & Democracy
Triple Entente
Formed b/w Russia, Great Britain, & France
Germany became flanked
Led to uneasy situation in Europe for decades (up until WWI)

14. Section 3 – The National State & Democracy
Crises in the Balkans
Austria-Hungary & Russia both tried to gain influence over the Balkan countries
Bosnia & Herzegovina were annexed by Austria-Hungary
Serbia was outraged...Serbia had wanted to join up w/ Bosnia & Herzegovina to form a large Slavic-speaking kingdom
Russia supported Serbia...Serbia prepared for war w/ Austria-Hungary
Germany told Russia to back down or face war
Russia (weak military at the time) backed down but vowed revenge

15. Section 4 – Toward the Modern Consciousness
Art
Monet – impressionist painter – Impression Sunrise
Van Gogh – postimpressionist painter – The Starry Night
Picasso – cubist painter – Three Musicians

16. Section 4 – Toward the Modern Consciousness
Architecture
Frank Lloyd Wright – American architect – Falling Water

17. Section 4 – Toward the Modern Consciousness
Science
Marie Curie – discovered radiation
Albert Einstein – theory of relativity
Sigmund Freud – wrote “The Interpretation of Dreams”...developed psychoanalysis – delving deep into someone’s memory

18. Section 4 – Toward the Modern Consciousness
Extreme Nationalism
Social Darwinism – idea that natural selection could be applied to society...stronger cultures/races would prosper while weaker ones would decline
Anti-Semitism – “anti-Jew”...massacres of Jews were not uncommon across Europe
Zionism – movement for a Jewish homeland in Palestine...Palestine was the land of ancient Israel...Palestine was opposed to Jewish immigration