1. Realpolitik Chapter 25-2

2. Italian Unification Movement in Italy shifted from Mazzini to Movement in Italy shifted from Mazzini to King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia-Piedmont King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia-Piedmont Supported by Prime Minister, Count Cavour Supported by Prime Minister, Count Cavour Supported by Garibaldi and Red Shirts Supported by Garibaldi and Red Shirts

3. Count Cavour King Victor Emmanuel’s Prime Minister King Victor Emmanuel’s Prime Minister 1852-61 1852-61 A moderate nationalist and aristocratic liberal A moderate nationalist and aristocratic liberal Edited Il Risorgimento, a newspaper arguing that Sardinia should be the foundation of a new, unified Italy Edited Il Risorgimento, a newspaper arguing that Sardinia should be the foundation of a new, unified Italy

4. Cavour made Sardinia-Piedmont a liberal and economically viable state: Modeled on the French Constitution of 1830: some civil liberties, parliamentary government with elections and parliamentary control of taxes Modeled on the French Constitution of 1830: some civil liberties, parliamentary government with elections and parliamentary control of taxes Reformed the Judicial system Reformed the Judicial system Built up infrastructure (and employment) Built up infrastructure (and employment) Law on Convents : Secularized monastic land Law on Convents : Secularized monastic land Siccardi Law: decreased influence of th Church Siccardi Law: decreased influence of th Church

5. The Pope’s Response Same as his response to the French Falloux Law Same as his response to the French Falloux Law Syllabus of Errors: 1864 warned against liberalism, rationalism, socialism and separation of Church and state, as well as religious liberty Syllabus of Errors: 1864 warned against liberalism, rationalism, socialism and separation of Church and state, as well as religious liberty

6. Cavour Had hoped to unify northern and central Italy Had hoped to unify northern and central Italy Will become much more Will become much more Joined Brits and French against Russia in 1855 Joined Brits and French against Russia in 1855 during the Crimean War during the Crimean War Sought favor from French

7. Plombieres 1859 Cavour gained a promise from Napoleon III that France would support a Sardinian war with Austria for the creation of a northern Italian kingdom controlled by Sardinia Cavour gained a promise from Napoleon III that France would support a Sardinian war with Austria for the creation of a northern Italian kingdom controlled by Sardinia In return, France would gain Savoy and Nice In return, France would gain Savoy and Nice Austria was provoked and declared war on Sardinia in 1859 Austria was provoked and declared war on Sardinia in 1859

8. Italian Unification 1859 Sardinia-Piedmont gained Lombardy but not Venetia as a result of the war 1859 Sardinia-Piedmont gained Lombardy but not Venetia as a result of the war Napoleon III aided Sardinia briefly but feared internal divisions, Austria’s army, threat from Prussia Napoleon III aided Sardinia briefly but feared internal divisions, Austria’s army, threat from Prussia 1860 Cavour annexed Parma, Modena, Romagna, and Tuscany 1860 Cavour annexed Parma, Modena, Romagna, and Tuscany France got Nice and Savoy France got Nice and Savoy

9. In the Meantime… Garibaldi liberated Southern Italy and Sicily with 1,000 Red Shirts in 1860 Garibaldi liberated Southern Italy and Sicily with 1,000 Red Shirts in 1860 Then, Garibaldi allowed his conquests to be absorbed into Sardinia-Piedmont Then, Garibaldi allowed his conquests to be absorbed into Sardinia-Piedmont February 1861 Victor Emmanuel declared the King of Italy (all but Venice andRome) February 1861 Victor Emmanuel declared the King of Italy (all but Venice andRome)

10. Still Italy 1866 Sardinia made an agreement with Bismarck during the Austro-Prussian War: 1866 Sardinia made an agreement with Bismarck during the Austro-Prussian War: Sardinia agreed to open up a front against Austria in exchange for Venice Sardinia agreed to open up a front against Austria in exchange for Venice 1871 Rome was captured by Italian troops and became the capital 1871 Rome was captured by Italian troops and became the capital France had been defeated by Germany and could not protect the Pope’s holdings France had been defeated by Germany and could not protect the Pope’s holdings

11. The End of Italy Politically unified BUT a big social and cultural gap Politically unified BUT a big social and cultural gap The North: Progressive and industrialized and Urban The North: Progressive and industrialized and Urban The South: Stagnant and agrarian The South: Stagnant and agrarian

12. German Unification After Humiliation of Olmutz … After Humiliation of Olmutz … The Zollverein still a source of tension The Zollverein still a source of tension Kleindeutsch Plan: A unified Germany without Austria Kleindeutsch Plan: A unified Germany without Austria

13. Otto von Bismarck Led the drive for a Prussian-based unified Germany Led the drive for a Prussian-based unified Germany Junker background Junker background Obsessed with power Obsessed with power The Gap Theory: gained Bismarck favor with the King: If the King and the legislature came to a stalemate; the King should decide since he had granted the constitution The Gap Theory: gained Bismarck favor with the King: If the King and the legislature came to a stalemate; the King should decide since he had granted the constitution

14. Bismarck continued The Gap refers to the fact that the Constitution did not foresee this kind of problem The Gap refers to the fact that the Constitution did not foresee this kind of problem The Army crisis regarding reforms in the army created the stalemate The Army crisis regarding reforms in the army created the stalemate Said, “The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and resolutions- that was the blun der of 1848 and 1849- but by blood and iron.” Said, “The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and resolutions- that was the blun der of 1848 and 1849- but by blood and iron.”

15. Bismarck continued The government continued to collect taxes even though the parliament refused to approve the budget The government continued to collect taxes even though the parliament refused to approve the budget Bismarck oversaw a number of reforms improving the Prussian military Bismarck oversaw a number of reforms improving the Prussian military

16. 1863 Prussian-Danish War Germany and Austria defeated Denmark and took control of Schleswig and Holstein Germany and Austria defeated Denmark and took control of Schleswig and Holstein They were jointly administered by Austria and Prussia but many conflicts They were jointly administered by Austria and Prussia but many conflicts Led to the Austro-Prussian War Led to the Austro-Prussian War

17. 1866 The Austro-Prussian War Or the German Civil War (7 weeks) Or the German Civil War (7 weeks) Bismarck prepared for war by first making negotiations with France, Italy and Russia for noninterference Bismarck prepared for war by first making negotiations with France, Italy and Russia for noninterference Prussia had a superior military Prussia had a superior military Breech-loading rifles, use of RR’s for troops Breech-loading rifles, use of RR’s for troops Austria was given generous terms Austria was given generous terms Italy gained Venice for opening up a front for Prussia against Austria Italy gained Venice for opening up a front for Prussia against Austria

18. 1867 The North German Confederation was established President: King William I President: King William I Included all of the German states except: Baden, Wurttemberg, Bavaria, Saxony Included all of the German states except: Baden, Wurttemberg, Bavaria, Saxony Federal Constitution allowed each state its own local government Federal Constitution allowed each state its own local government

19. The North German Confederation Parliament…Reichstag…bicameral: Parliament…Reichstag…bicameral: Bundestag…lower house elected by universal male suffrage Bundestag…lower house elected by universal male suffrage Bundesrat…upper house. Representatives from each state Bundesrat…upper house. Representatives from each state Above shared power equally Above shared power equally

20. The North German Confederation continued The government structure allowed Bismarck to circumvent the Middle class by appealing directly to the working classes (Like Napoleon III) The government structure allowed Bismarck to circumvent the Middle class by appealing directly to the working classes (Like Napoleon III) The Middle Class will be shut out of power and influence until WWI The Middle Class will be shut out of power and influence until WWI

21. 1870-1871 The Franco-Prussian War Bismarck tried to provoke a war with France Bismarck tried to provoke a war with France The Ems Dispatch: A telegraph written by Bismarck giving his version of a meeting between the King and a French minister The Ems Dispatch: A telegraph written by Bismarck giving his version of a meeting between the King and a French minister Bismarck claimed that the French diplomat ws kicked out of Germany after he had asked the King not to interfere with the Spanish succession Bismarck claimed that the French diplomat ws kicked out of Germany after he had asked the King not to interfere with the Spanish succession

22. Franco-Prussian War In fact, William I was agreeable and did not throw the French diplomat out In fact, William I was agreeable and did not throw the French diplomat out Bismarck’s Plan: to further unify Germany and to annex Alsace-Lorraine Bismarck’s Plan: to further unify Germany and to annex Alsace-Lorraine The Ems Dispatch was an insult to France and they declared war The Ems Dispatch was an insult to France and they declared war

23. Franco-Prussian War continued Bismarck used the war to bring the four remaining German states into the North German Confederation Bismarck used the war to bring the four remaining German states into the North German Confederation France was easily defeated. Shocked many France was easily defeated. Shocked many 1871 Napoleon III captured 1871 Napoleon III captured Paris fell Paris fell Decisive battles: Metz and Sedan Decisive battles: Metz and Sedan

24. Treaty of Frankfurt Alsace and Lorraine were ceded to Germany Alsace and Lorraine were ceded to Germany King William I became Emperor of Germany King William I became Emperor of Germany Called Kaiser Wilhelm Called Kaiser Wilhelm Bismarck now the Imperial Chancellor Bismarck now the Imperial Chancellor Government structure remained but the Parliament had little real power Government structure remained but the Parliament had little real power The government became a conservative autocracy with nobility allied with the king The government became a conservative autocracy with nobility allied with the king

25. The Austro-Hungarian Empire Earlier defeat (Austro-Prussian War) forced Austria to deal with its ethnic groups Earlier defeat (Austro-Prussian War) forced Austria to deal with its ethnic groups Czechs and Hungarians continued with demands of autonomy at the very least Czechs and Hungarians continued with demands of autonomy at the very least Austria’s defeat weakened its control at home Austria’s defeat weakened its control at home

26. Ausgleich (Compromise) Official creation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (dual monarchy) Official creation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (dual monarchy) Hungarians had their own assemble, cabinet, and administrative system Hungarians had their own assemble, cabinet, and administrative system But would support and participate with Austria in the Imperial army and in the Imperial Government But would support and participate with Austria in the Imperial army and in the Imperial Government

27. Different Ethnic Groups = no integration Language in government and shcools was a divisive issue Language in government and shcools was a divisive issue Bohemia a real problem (Czech or German?) Bohemia a real problem (Czech or German?) Conservatives and socialists tried to make it work by stressing economic concerns Conservatives and socialists tried to make it work by stressing economic concerns Unsuccessful Unsuccessful 1907 Universal male suffrage 1907 Universal male suffrage

28. Anti-Semitism in Austria-Hungary Jewish population in Austrian cities grew rapidly after Austria gave Jews full legal equality in 1867 Jewish population in Austrian cities grew rapidly after Austria gave Jews full legal equality in 1867 By 1900 10% of the population By 1900 10% of the population Jewish population successful in : banking, trade, the arts, intellectual community and science (Freud) Jewish population successful in : banking, trade, the arts, intellectual community and science (Freud) German extremists charged Jews with controlling the economy and corrupting German culture with alien ideas and modern art German extremists charged Jews with controlling the economy and corrupting German culture with alien ideas and modern art

29. Magyar Rule in Hungary 1867 Magyar nobility revived the constitution of 1848 and used it to dominate Magyar peasants and minority groups 1867 Magyar nobility revived the constitution of 1848 and used it to dominate Magyar peasants and minority groups Only the wealthiest 25% of pop could vote Only the wealthiest 25% of pop could vote Croatians and Romanians in particular resented laws enforcing the use of Magyar language in schools Croatians and Romanians in particular resented laws enforcing the use of Magyar language in schools After 1871 Austro-Hungarian Empire much weakened After 1871 Austro-Hungarian Empire much weakened