1. Unification of Italy

2. Factors hindering unity
Congress of Vienna-Metternich insisted on keeping Italy divided
Austria opposed unity to keep control of Lombardy and Venetia
Pope wanted disunity to retain the Papal states
Nationalists argued over type of govt for united Italy

3. Promoting Unity Nationalism-glory of Roman empire Patriotic Societies
Carbonari- secret society to establish united Italian republic
Young Italy-1831 Mazzini-promoted nationalism and democratic ideas among people
Sardinia-Piedmont ruled by House of Savoy who tried to unify Italy (1848)

4. Nationalist Leaders
Mazzini- Young Italy 1848-seized papal states and declared Roman Republic -forced to flee when French troops crushed uprising (Soul of Unification)
Garibaldi-military-fought against Fr and Austria (Red Shirts), (Sword of Unification)
Cavour- Prime minister of Sardinia- promoted diplomatic moves (Brain of Unification)

5. UNIFICATION
Victor Emmanuel II- King of Sardinia-Piedmont- granted liberal constitution supported Cavour’s policy became king of Italy- unified it by annexation
Lombardy 1859-defeated Austria
Duchies People drove out Austrians and voted to join Sardinia
Two Sicilies Garibaldi and1000 redshirts

6. Papal States-1860-Cavour overran and annexed Papal states, but not Rome
Venetia-1866 War -Italy and Prussia defeated Austria
Rome Franco-Prussian War-France withdrew troops from Rome, Italians overran and annexed Rome

7. Unification of Germany Promoting Unification
Common nationality
Abolished Holy Roman Empire 300 states became 100 German states
Congress of Vienna- reduced to 38 states organized into German Confederation
Zollverein Prussia formed tariff union included most German states-removed internal tariff barriers

8. Hindering Unity
Differences in German people-Protestant north, Catholic south
Austria-Nationalism in Ger might spread to multinational Austria-Carlsbad Decrees (strict supervision of education, teachers, universities, student organizations) and censorship of newspapers, pamphlets and books.
Smaller German states feared to lose authority
France feared united Ger. Would overpower them

9. Leaders of Unification
Bismarck-Prime Minister of Prussia Junker (landowner) despised democracy- wanted to unify Germany through Blood and Iron
William I-Hohenzollern King of Prussia ( ) 1871 became Emperor of Germany- supported Bismarck
Moltke-Prussian general-impressive military victories to unify Germany

10. 3 part Unification Plan Create Prussian military power under Moltke
Eliminate Austrian influence
Danish war-took Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark-Aus and Prussia joint owners
Austro-Prussian war-Prussia and Italy against Austria- Austria defeated-lost Venetia to Italy, Schl-Hol to Prussia-Austria out of German confederation

11. Prussia created North Ger
Prussia created North Ger.Confederation and urged northern states to join
Franco-Prussian War-Bismarck provoked war to get Southern states to join confederation-France lost Alsace and Lorraine-
German empire established in 1871 when 4 southern states allied with the confederation-William I as Kaiser (emperor)-military rule led way for Nazi dictatorship later

12. Germany under Bismarck
Centralized power-national govt. took control of RR, telegraph, postal services, banking, national code of law
Militarism-compulsory military service, patriotic societies
Industrialism- rapid change from agric to ind., high tariffs to protect home industry, imperialism for raw materials

13. Persecution of subject nationalities-must adopt German culture
Kulturkamph-fear of Catholic church-loyalty issue=began to weaken church-clergy under state control, civil marriage ceremonies, no church influence in education, Pope denounced
Reichstag- new parliament
Anti-socialist-no socialist meetings, publications, to weaken their message Bismarck gave workers health insurance against accidents, old age pension, better wages

14. Anti-Semitism- pamphlet, lectures claiming Jews had too much influence over industry and commerce. They were responsible for failure of kulturkamph, destroying social order.
Foreign policy to isolate France. Created Central Powers alliance
1888 William II inherited throne-dismissed Bismarck, reversed friendship with Russia, and repression of socialism-caused much anger. German imperialism led to WWI.