1. Chapter 8

2.  Aztec society was highly structured, based on agriculture and trade, and guided by a religion that was part of every aspect of life.  The Aztec worshipped Gods that represented natural forces and that were necessary to their agricultural economy.  They had a hierarchical system of authority that was divided into three social classes: upper, middle and lower.

3. . Pipiltin were the upper, ruling class (government, army & priests) – similar to samurai Emperor huey tlatoani (high priest too) Land ownership based on social class Pipiltin had to follow strict behavior code (role models) Nobility kept all records and gained honor

4.  Macehualtin were the middle class (military, priests, merchants, artisans, or long-distance traders)  Warriors were next to nobility – very important, exemplary leaders and judges of petty crimes  Poorest mayeques (peasants) worked for nobles and received land and payed taxes.  Lowest class were the tlacotin, another name for slaves and they could buy their freedom

5.  Boys from all classes could study to become priests  They would advise the emperor and oversee important religious functions  Their most important job was to offer human sacrifices

6.  Women cared for the household and family, though some did become artisans.  Men did all other physical work and were forced to join the army when soldiers were needed.  Children work beside parents as early as age 5.  Girls marry in their early teens; boys marry in their late teens/early twenties.  Women enjoyed legal protections, along with a high degree of freedom.

7.  Free for all girls and boys  Taught religious rituals and structured classes  Pass on traditions by dancing and singing  Separate schools for upper and lower class  Girls went to school until marriage  Boys and girls taught separately

8. Aztec Political System  The emperor, huey tlatoani, was elected by the council of wise men made up of the greatest warriors and the wisest priests.  The huey tlatoani was the representative of Huitzilopochtli, no one could disobey him.  The council of wise men could dismiss the huey tlatoani if they disagreed with him and his title was not heriditary.

9.  Held highest position in royal court – members of nobility.  Emperor consulted them on dreams and omens  Priests decided the days that were lucky to go to war and hold sacrificial ceremonies.

10.  Tribute was an important factor – payment of tribute to Aztec emperor.  Form of tribute – food, cacao beans, natural resources, cotton, luxury items, precious metals, or military service  Ensured a steady flow of goods for the Aztec and encouraged the development of new businesses and improved the economy.

11.  Tribute system  Tribute system continued under Spanish rule  Farming – backbone of the Aztec economy  Farming was done on chiampas (floating gardens)  There were other goods and services:  Producers of good from raw materials  MinersBarbers  HerbalistsSkilled artisans  Goods that weren’t used for tribute or taxes were sent to the marketplace.  Market trade was based on barter or trade (trade was forbidden outside the marketplace)

12.  Since the Aztec did not have oxen or horses to transport goods, they did so by canoe along the waterways that ran down the Valley of Mexico.  Porters worked for the Pochteca (long- distance merchants) and traded finished goods and raw materials to make clothing and jewellery for the nobility.  The pochteca held a high position of status in the empire.

13. Aztec Religious Beliefs and Practices Rituals and sacrifices  Thought warrior hearts were the best nourishment and that sacrifice kept the world together.  Believed that human blood was above all else  Sacrifices were large public events that were performed at the top of temples.

14. Medicine Bundles  Sacred objects of the Aztecs were bundles containing blessed corn, feathers, rubber and precious stones.  Each altepetl (city) has its own bundle that was the centre of the city  Huitzilopochtli’s bundle was kept in the main temple of Tenochtitlan.

15.  Religion  Religion – certain gods were thought to send illness or to heal  Magic  Magic – some were thought to be sent by magic. Anyone thought to be casting spells would be condemned.  Medicine  Medicine – they knew a lot about the healing properties of plants and minerals.

16. Books and Codices  Used picture writing  Had no alphabet  Scribes and priests recorded poetry, history, moral lessons, rituals, tribute lists, governmental and business records.  Often wrote on deerskin, cloth or ornate paper  Painted on both sides of long paper strips  The few codices that were not destroyed were about animals and guides for living

17. Sculpture  Religious in nature  Were placed in and under temples  In recognition of the three levels of the universe ▪ In recognition of gods, earth and the underworld  Smaller statues were of animals  usually jaguars and snakes  maintaining balance with the natural world  Craftsmen taught their talents to their sons

18.  Temples were the largest building in any city  The most magnificent was in Tenochtitlan  Architecture was borrowed from the Teotihuacan or Toltec  They developed the idea to divide the pyramid at the top to represent the sacred mountains  It was called Templo Mayor

19.  Aztecs prized feathers more than gold  Feathers were rare, delicate and brightly coloured  Many luxury items such as jewels and ornaments had no religious importance and were created to satisfy the desires of the wealthy  Artisans created jewellery, ceramics and mosaics using precious stones and jewels

20.  The main calendar was called Xiuhtlapohually  made up of 18 months, 20 days plus 5 extra days  Each month named for a god and incorporated a religious festival dedicated to that god  Regulated agricultural activities such as planting and harvesting and determined market days  The second important calendar was the ritual calendar called Tonalpohually  260 days  Each with a specific fate that was good, bad or indifferent.  Used to determine when many of their religious rituals and sacrifices should be performed Life was coordinated by two calendars

22.  Spanish society used the feudal system until 1486 and then switched to the seigneurial system.  Peasants were given sections of land by the lord of an estate to cultivate in return for money, goods, or services.  The nobility was the smallest class and owned the most land.  There were many more peasants than business owners, but the merchant class was growing.

23.  Were powerful and ruled their estates almost like monarchs.  King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella took back much of the land owned by nobility.  Large tracts of land were passed on to the eldest son of nobles.  Sons studied to enter clergy or tried to gain honour  Classes of minor nobles = hidalgo  Spanish nobility very much disdained manual labour and commerce, and judged an individual’s worth by social position rather than by achievement.

24.  Made up 90% of Spain’s population.  Feudal peasants had the lowest status.  Most lived and worked on nobility estates.  Only small percentage owned land  Couldn’t save money  A middle class began to grow.  Many of the wealthy merchant class were educated and owned land.

25.  Roman Catholic priests became the religious leaders in local parishes or joined formal religious orders.  Parish priests often would have to look for other work to earn money to support themselves.  Religious orders priests were better educated and came from wealthier families  Religious orders were well organized and operated many schools  The priests who made it to upper clergy had great status and rank.

26.  Similar to the roles of men and women during the Renaissance.  Women were expected to marry well and take care of the household.  Some became fine writers and artisans  Men were expected to do the hard labour.  Some peasant women would cultivate land when needed  Only men could hold government positions and be involved in running a business.  Divorce was forbidden in the church.

27.  Used to be more tolerant of religion than anywhere else  Before Spain evicted them, the Jews and Muslims provided a highly respected education.  There were several universities  The Spanish benefited very much from the universities and libraries left behind by the Jews and Muslims.  Education became tightly linked with the Roman Catholic Church.  Spanish scholars began to focus on religious studies rather than humanist pursuits

28.  In towns and cities there was education for most children.  Children of nobility, especially sons, were mostly tutored at home and then went on to university.  Some daughters went to school, but most received private lessons at home  Some rural areas provided basic formal education to children of peasants.  Boys learned carpentry and how to farm.  Girls learned how to cook and sew.

29. Spanish Political System only God  Believed only God could give someone the right to rule.  Since God appointed the monarch, no king or queen could be removed  The King & Queen had near absolute power.  Although there was a central authority, each kingdom maintained a separate parliament

30.  Spanish parliament was called the Cortes  Legislations were approved by the Cortes.  King and queen could dismiss the Cortes whenever they wished but the Cortes still controlled the treasury.  Nobles were given high ranking but had fewer oppurtunities to be involved

31.  Roman Catholic Church was often closely linked to the monarchy.  People who did not accept the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church were disloyal to the monarchy.  King and Queen reduced the power of the church.  Wanted the power to make their own decisions

32. Spanish Economy  Barcelona and Valencia were major seaports for importing and exporting goods.  The decrease in population due to the Black Death, resulted in a decline in both agricultural and manufacturing output.  Under Moorish rule between the 8 th and 13 th centuries agriculture flourished.  Olives, grapes, wheat, rice and fruit were the main products  Sheep farmers formed a guild – a powerful organization called a mesta.

33.  Nobility saw farming and businesses as the lower class  Nobility would buy land and the land would remain uncultivated.  Small businesses would purchase land with extra money instead of creating more business  Spain’s economy suffered because of little investment in agriculture & commerical efforts  When Fernindand & Isabella took over, Spanish economy improved, especially with the wool trade in Castile  However, during wars, Spain’s economy suffered again because they needed guns & weapons, not wool

34.  Nobilitles began overseas trading when Spain colonies  Spain wasn’t able to produce for both, so its colonies increased their manufacturing  Over time, Spain became one of the richest and most powerful countries.  Gold and silver eventually caused massive inflation in parts of Spain and Europe

35. Spanish Religious Beliefs and Practices  Believed they would go to heaven or hell based on how well they followed the religious teaching of the Roman Catholic Church.  Included following the Bible & confession  Cathedrals were the grandest buildings in any cities and built as places to worship God.  Religion united Roman Catholics to conquer the Moors.

36.  By the end of the Reconquista, Catholicism was the only religion allowed in Spain.  Focused on the suffering of Jesus Christ and admired both the courage and willingness of individuals to withstand suffering and sacrifice.  Conquistadors who exhibited these traits were held in high esteem  Special religious ceremonies were held to try people during the Inquisition usually ending in the execution of the person charged. usually burned at the stake.

37. Literature  Latin was the language used by the Clergy and by Spanish scholars.  Castilian was made the official language when Ferdinand and Isabelle married.  later known as Spanish  Having one language united the country and developed a sense of nationalism.  Troubadours spread Spanish when they traveled and performed for the common people and for the royalty.  Told tales of love, bravery, romance, poetry & quiet life of the country

38.  Spanish architecture was strongly influenced by Muslim culture  Many Spanish homes had beautiful mosaic decorations and inside courtyards modeled after Muslim buildings  The grandest structures in Spain were Churches and Mosques  The most talented sculptors lived in Catalonia and Aragon

39.  Spanish artist absorbed influences from different cultures, traditions & religion  Spanish artists were greatly influenced by Flemish & Italians  Spanish art was comprised of beautiful murals & frescoes most often found on the walls of churhces  Ferrer Bassa was one of the first identifiable Spanish artists  Spanish art was influenced by Moors and the King and Queen were patrons of the arts

40.  The Spanish used the Gregorian calendar system like today's that started in 46 BCE, and had 365 ¼ days in one year.  The problem was that the summer and winter solstices were planed to be on the 25 th of their respected months.  By the 1500’s they were on the 11 th.  To fix this problem Pope Gregory XIII decreed that the day after  Thurs. Oct. 4 th 1582  Fri. Oct. 15 th 1582