1. Ryan Layman Computer-Assisted Language Learning Saint Michael’s College May 19, 2007

2. Designed by Ryan Layman  The slides will present automatically.  Clicking on the green buttons navigates through the presentation.  When prompted, clicking on the right answer will enable you to continue the presentation.  First, use the “View Show” Command under Slide Show.  Or use the Slide Show button in the Lower left corner.

3. Designed by Ryan Layman All sentences are composed of a subject and a predicate, for example. The strange man went to the store to buy ice cream. The subject is also often called the “noun phrase.” This is because it always consists of a noun describing the main subject of the sentence. The predicate is often called the “verb phrase.” This is because it contains an auxiliary or other kind of verb and describes the event or state of the sentence. Simple sentences have one subject and one predicate. But sentences can also be combined by the relationship that they have to another, and will have more subjects and predicates. We will learn about this in the next slide.

4. Designed by Ryan Layman Sentences are combined with conjunctions. There are two types of conjunctions:  Coordinating Conjunctions  Subordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions usually combine two independent clauses (clauses which are also sentences), and are usually preceded by a comma. I need to go to the bathroom, but I have to wait for my brother to get out. Subordinating conjunctions, however, are not preceded by a comma in the middle of the sentence. If a subordinating conjunction begins the sentence, a comma must be added in between the combined sentences. I’m thinking about going upstairs while he is in there. While Henry is in the bathroom, I’ll go upstairs. As long as someone uses conjunctions, they can combine as many sentences as they want!

5. Designed by Ryan Layman The following list is of the different functions of conjunctions, click on a word in the list to be given the purpose, meaning, and example(s) of the function described.  CauseCause  AdditionAddition  NegativeNegative  ContrastContrast  ConditionCondition  TimeTime  ComparisonComparison  ManneryManner

6. Designed by Ryan Layman Conjunctions of Cause and Effect describe a cause and effect relationship in the sentences they combine. Please look at these next two sentences, then read how they can be combined. I had to get to the store fast. It was going to close soon. Coordinating conjunction of cause and effect are “for” or “so.” For example: I had to get to the store fast, for it was going to close soon. I was really late in getting out the door, so I drove to school Subordinating conjunctions are “because, in order that, since, so that.” For example: I had to get to the store fast because it was going to close soon. Since I had to be at work so soon, I had to take the shortcut.

7. Designed by Ryan Layman Conjunctions of addition provide additional information that agrees with both sentences. Please look again at the example sentences. I was very tired today. I had also not eaten. A good coordinating conjunction for this kind of combination is “and.” For example: I was very tired today, and I had also not eaten. Notice that because there are two independent clauses (clauses that could also be sentences), a comma is required before the coordinating conjunction. Subordinating conjunctions of addition are very rare.

8. Designed by Ryan Layman Negative conjunctions are a lot like conjunctions of addition, but in this case both sentences combine sentences that are phrased in the negative. Please look at the example sentences below: Because I was sick, I couldn’t sleep last night. I couldn’t eat this morning. To combine these sentences, we use the coordinating conjunction “nor.” “Nor” includes the negative, so it is not necessary to use the negative in describing the second sentence when combined. Also notice that using “nor” inverts the subject and auxiliary verb. Because I was sick, I couldn’t sleep last night, nor could I eat this morning. Correct. Because I was sick, I couldn’t sleep last night, nor I could not eat this morning. Incorrect.

9. Designed by Ryan Layman Conjunctions of contrast are used as a concession, and highlight an unexpected result. “I tried to call Henry. He was not there.” Using the coordinating conjunction “but” or “yet”: “I tried to call Henry, but he was not there.” Using the subordinating conjunctions: “although, even though, though, in spite of the fact that, whereas, while.” I tried to call Henry although he was not there. Even though I was in a hurry, I talked to her for five minutes.

10. Designed by Ryan Layman Conjunctions of condition are used to refer to sentences that may or may not happen, or to refer to sentences that will or will not happen as a result of something else. Coordinating conjunction “or” is used to represent a choice, like this: I could go to the store to buy toilet paper, or you could buy it later tonight. Subordinating conjunctions: “even if, if, in case, in the event, once, only if, provided that, unless, whether or not” are used to represent conditions. I could go to the store and buy toilet paper unless you could buy it later tonight.

11. Designed by Ryan Layman Conjunctions of time combine sentences by providing a sequential/chronological relationship. There are no coordinating conjunctions for time, but there are plenty of subordinating conjunctions: “after, as, as long as, as soon as, before, by the time, now that, once, since, so long as, until, when, whenever, while” I will have to call my mother before I leave for dinner As long as you are out, can you get me some milk?

12. Designed by Ryan Layman Conjunctions of comparison show a relationship of proportion between the sentences they connect. There are few of these kinds of conjunctions, and no coordinating conjunctions. We will look at the subordinating conjunctions “than” and “as.” Skydiving is more fun than riding motorcycles. The dog hopped through the snow as a horse does. As a cat lands on its feet, so did the gymnast after springing off of the horse.

13. Designed by Ryan Layman Conjunctions of manner are somewhat similar to conjunctions of comparison, but they describe the way in which something is/done. Once again, there are no coordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions include “as if,” and “as though.” The paper floated in the breeze as if it were flying. As though she was performing a pirouette, she delicately spun in place.

14. Designed by Ryan Layman Now that we are familiar with the many different types of conjunctions, we will try putting our knowledge into action. The paragraph below needs to have many sentences combined. Please read the paragraph, and see if you can combine the sentences. Think you can combine every single one? Go to the next slide to find out! I really wanted to cook some food. My friend wanted to watch a movie. I didn’t have any money. My friend couldn’t lend me any. There was money. We could go to the movies. We went to the bank. I walked up to the ATM to get money. I had money. I could buy food and watch a movie. We wanted to go to the restaurant to eat. We went to the movie theatre to watch a movie. We could play games. We could watch the movie. We decided to watch the movie. It was funny. Anchorman was less funny. I laughed. I was a hyena. The movie ended. We went home.

15. Designed by Ryan Layman Directions You are given a few choices to combine the sentences, click on the correct one to proceed. If you click on the wrong one, you can go back and try to figure out what was wrong. I really wanted to eat some food, (but / after) my friend wanted to watch a movie. I didn’t have any money. My friend couldn’t lend me any. There was money. We could go to the movies. We went to the bank. I walked up to the ATM to get money. I had money. I could buy food and watch a movie. We wanted to go to the restaurant to eat. We went to the movie theatre to watch a movie. We could play games. We could watch the movie. We decided to watch the movie. It was funny. Anchorman was just as funny. I laughed. I were a hyena. The movie ended. We went home.butafter

16. Designed by Ryan Layman Nice job! “But” gives contrast in the form of someone else’s intention! Next sentence. I really wanted to eat some food, but my friend wanted to watch a movie. I didn’t have any money, (but / nor) could my friend lend me any. There was money. We could go to the movies. We went to the bank. I walked up to the ATM to get money. I had money. I could buy food and watch a movie. We wanted to go to the restaurant to eat. We went to the movie theatre to watch a movie. We could play games. We could watch the movie. We decided to watch the movie. It was funny. Anchorman was just as funny. I laughed. I were a hyena. The movie ended. We went home.but nor

17. Designed by Ryan Layman Super! You had two negative sentences, and used “nor!” Good thinking! Continue! I really wanted to eat some food, but my friend wanted to watch a movie. I didn’t have any money, nor could my friend lend me any. (If / Or) there were money, we could go to the movies. We went to the bank. I walked up to the ATM to get money. I had money. I could buy food and watch a movie. We wanted to go to the restaurant to eat. We went to the movie theatre to watch a movie. We could play games. We could watch the movie. We decided to watch the movie. It was funny. Anchorman was just as funny. I laughed. I were a hyena. The movie ended. We went home.IfOr

18. Designed by Ryan Layman Excellent job! You couldn’t use “or” because it was a coordinating conjunction, so you used “If” in the beginning of the sentence. Keep going! You’re doing great! I really wanted to eat some food, but my friend wanted to watch a movie. I didn’t have any money, nor could my friend lend me any. If there were money, we could go to the movies. (Before / After) we went to the bank, I walked up to the ATM to get money. I had money. I could buy food and watch a movie. We wanted to go to the restaurant to eat. We went to the movie theatre to watch a movie. We could play games. We could watch the movie. We decided to watch the movie. It was funny. Anchorman was just as funny. I laughed. I were a hyena. The movie ended. We went home.Before After

19. Designed by Ryan Layman Both words were grammatically correct, but you can only go to the ATM after arriving at the bank. Nice! You can do it! I really wanted to eat some food, but my friend wanted to watch a movie. I didn’t have any money, nor could my friend lend me any. If there were money, we could go to the movies. After we went to the bank, I walked up to the ATM to get money. (Because / Even though) I had money, I could buy food and watch a movie. We wanted to go to the restaurant to eat. We went to the movie theatre to watch a movie. We could play games. We could watch the movie. We decided to watch the movie. It was funny. Anchorman was just as funny. I laughed. I were a hyena. The movie ended. We went home.BecauseEven though

20. Designed by Ryan Layman “Because” and “even though” have entirely different meanings, but you knew that having money is the reason someone can go to the movies. Keep it up! I really wanted to eat some food, but my friend wanted to watch a movie. I didn’t have any money, nor could my friend lend me any. If there were money, we could go to the movies. After we went to the bank, I walked up to the ATM to get money. Because I had money, I could buy food and watch a movie. We wanted to go to the restaurant to eat, (so / but) we went to the movie theatre to watch a movie. We could play games. We could watch the movie. We decided to watch the movie. It was funny. Anchorman was just as funny. I laughed. I were a hyena. The movie ended. We went home.so but

21. Designed by Ryan Layman Both were coordinating conjunctions with a comma preceding, but you knew that wanting to eat doesn’t make people go to the movies, It makes them go to the restaurant. This next combination is interesting because we can combine three sentences with two conjunctions! We’ll do the first one first. I really wanted to eat some food, but my friend wanted to watch a movie. I didn’t have any money, nor could my friend lend me any. If there were money, we could go to the movies. After we went to the bank, I walked up to the ATM to get money. Because I had money, I could buy food and watch a movie. We wanted to go to the restaurant to eat, but we went to the movie theatre to watch a movie. We could play games, (whether or not / or) we could watch the movie. We decided to watch the movie. It was funny. Anchorman was just as funny. I laughed. I were a hyena. The movie ended. We went home.whether or notor

22. Designed by Ryan Layman You knew that because of the comma, you needed a coordinating conjunction. Nice job! Next half! I really wanted to eat some food, but my friend wanted to watch a movie. I didn’t have any money, nor could my friend lend me any. If there were money, we could go to the movies. After we went to the bank, I walked up to the ATM to get money. Because I had money, I could buy food and watch a movie. We wanted to go to the restaurant to eat, but we went to the movie theatre to watch a movie. We could play games, or we could watch the movie, (even though / but) we decided to watch the movie. It was funny. Anchorman was just as funny. I laughed. I were a hyena. The movie ended. We went home.even thoughbut

23. Designed by Ryan Layman Both were examples of contrast, but you knew that “but” was a coordinating conjunction following a comma. Nice job! This time, you must choose between two possible sentences. I really wanted to eat some food, but my friend wanted to watch a movie. I didn’t have any money, nor could my friend lend me any. If there were money, we could go to the movies. After we went to the bank, I walked up to the ATM to get money. Because I had money, I could buy food and watch a movie. We wanted to go to the restaurant to eat, but we went to the movie theatre to watch a movie. We could play games, or we could watch the movie, but we decided to watch the movie. (It was as funny as Anchorman was / It was funny as though Anchorman). I laughed. I were a hyena. The movie ended. We went home.It was as funny as Anchorman wasIt was funny as though Anchorman

24. Designed by Ryan Layman You knew that the sentences were a comparison to another movie, not a description of the manner of the movie. We are almost there! Keep going! I really wanted to eat some food, but my friend wanted to watch a movie. I didn’t have any money, nor could my friend lend me any. If there were money, we could go to the movies. After we went to the bank, I walked up to the ATM to get money. Because I had money, I could buy food and watch a movie. We wanted to go to the restaurant to eat, but we went to the movie theatre to watch a movie. We could play games, or we could watch the movie, but we decided to watch the movie. It was as funny as Anchorman was. (I laughed in case I was a hyena / I laughed as if I were a hyena). The movie ended. We went home.I laughed in case I was a hyenaI laughed as if I were a hyena

25. Designed by Ryan Layman This time you were right! The description of laughter is the manner in which one laughs. This is it! Your last question! I really wanted to eat some food, but my friend wanted to watch a movie. I didn’t have any money, nor could my friend lend me any. If there were money, we could go to the movies. After we went to the bank, I walked up to the ATM to get money. Because I had money, I could buy food and watch a movie. We wanted to go to the restaurant to eat, but we went to the movie theatre to watch a movie. We could play games, or we could watch the movie, but we decided to watch the movie. It was as funny as Anchorman was. I laughed as if I were a hyena (Even if / As soon as) the movie ended, we went home.Even if As soon as

26. Designed by Ryan Layman Nice job! You knew that the description was of two different events, and used a conjunction of time! Congratulations! Look at your final piece of work and pat yourself on the back! I really wanted to eat some food, but my friend wanted to watch a movie. I didn’t have any money, nor could my friend lend me any. If there were money, we could go to the movies. After we went to the bank, I walked up to the ATM to get money. Because I had money, I could buy food and watch a movie. We wanted to go to the restaurant to eat, but we went to the movie theatre to watch a movie. We could play games, or we could watch the movie, but we decided to watch the movie. It was as funny as Anchorman was. I laughed as if I were a hyena. As soon as the movie ended, we went home.

27. Designed by Ryan Layman You have now learned quite a bit about coordinating and subordinating conjunctions and how they work to combine sentences! If you have any other questions, please e-mail myself at rlayman@smcvt.edurlayman@smcvt.edu You can also take a look at these articles online for extra information. Conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions

28. Designed by Ryan Layman Take a look again, and remember these things:  Coordinating conjunctions are preceded by commas when they join clauses.  Subordinating conjunctions are not preceded by a comma, a comma is added if they begin the sentence. The comma is added in between the two clauses.  If all else fails, take a look at the meaning of the sentences being combined. Choose the one with the more appropriate function.