1. Unit 1: The Basics of Geography

2. What is Geography? Field of study that tries to make sense of the world around us, how people, places, and environments came to be and how they affect each other Field of study that tries to make sense of the world around us, how people, places, and environments came to be and how they affect each other

3. Different Types Physical Geography: Study of natural features on the surface of the earth Physical Geography: Study of natural features on the surface of the earth Plants, animals, mountains, temperature, wind, weather, etc.Plants, animals, mountains, temperature, wind, weather, etc. Human Geography: Study of people and seek to understand who lives where, how and why Human Geography: Study of people and seek to understand who lives where, how and why

4. History of Geography 450 BC Herodotus created the first map of the known world 450 BC Herodotus created the first map of the known world Early 1800s Lewis and Clark journeyed west to the Pacific Ocean Early 1800s Lewis and Clark journeyed west to the Pacific Ocean

5. Key Terms Absolute Location: the precise point where a place is on Earth Absolute Location: the precise point where a place is on Earth Relative Location: the location of one place compared to another Relative Location: the location of one place compared to another

6. Maps Distortions: change the shape, size, and position of features Distortions: change the shape, size, and position of features Try to use globes, better modelsTry to use globes, better models Map Projections- a way of representing the spherical Earth on a flat surfaceMap Projections- a way of representing the spherical Earth on a flat surface

7. Map Titles and Symbols Titles located to give a clue about content Titles located to give a clue about content Compass Rose- a diagram on maps that shows directions Compass Rose- a diagram on maps that shows directions Cardinal Directions- four directions (N, S, E, W)Cardinal Directions- four directions (N, S, E, W) Intermediate Directions- lines between cardinal pointsIntermediate Directions- lines between cardinal points Northeast, southeast, southwest, northwest Northeast, southeast, southwest, northwest

8. Map Legend/Key Lists each symbol and explains what is shows on the map Lists each symbol and explains what is shows on the map

9. Organizing Map Grid- system of imaginary lines to divide up space on maps Map Grid- system of imaginary lines to divide up space on maps Global Grid- latitude and longitude allows you to locate any place on earth with a simple number code Global Grid- latitude and longitude allows you to locate any place on earth with a simple number code

10. Lines of Latitude Parallels of Latitude- lines run east and west Parallels of Latitude- lines run east and west Equator- 0° latitude, it is reference for measuring other parallels Equator- 0° latitude, it is reference for measuring other parallels

11. Lines of Longitude Meridians of Longitude- run from pole to pole, but are not parallel, so the distance varies Meridians of Longitude- run from pole to pole, but are not parallel, so the distance varies Prime Meridian- runs through Greenwich, England at 0° longitude Prime Meridian- runs through Greenwich, England at 0° longitude

12. International Date Line International Date Line- travelers moving cross the line, cross over to a different day International Date Line- travelers moving cross the line, cross over to a different day Go west over line, go forward a dayGo west over line, go forward a day Go east over line, go back a dayGo east over line, go back a day

13. Read pg. 17 “Latitude and Longitude Mark Absolute Location”

14. Dealing with Scale Washington DC map Washington DC map Notice the difference of a large vs. small scale map Notice the difference of a large vs. small scale map

15. Hemispheres, Continents, and Oceans Hemisphere- the earth divided into two halves Hemisphere- the earth divided into two halves Equator- divides Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres Equator- divides Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres Prime Meridian- divides Earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres, divide again at the International Date Line Prime Meridian- divides Earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres, divide again at the International Date Line

16. Oceans and Continents The Earth is covered with 70% water, really just one big body of water The Earth is covered with 70% water, really just one big body of water Atlantic Atlantic Pacific Pacific Indian Indian Arctic Arctic Continents Continents Asia Asia Africa Africa North America North America South America South America Antarctica Antarctica Europe Europe Australia Australia

17. Earth and Sun Revolution- one round trip takes 365 ¼ days, which make a year Revolution- one round trip takes 365 ¼ days, which make a year Axis- imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South pole through the center of the Earth, what the earth rotates on Axis- imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South pole through the center of the Earth, what the earth rotates on Full Rotation ever 24 hoursFull Rotation ever 24 hours

18. Tilted Earth Creates the different seasons Creates the different seasons Look at the diagram Look at the diagram

19. Tropics Tropic of Caner- northern line Tropic of Caner- northern line Tropic of Capricorn- southern line Tropic of Capricorn- southern line 23 1/2˚ N/S23 1/2˚ N/S Known as Tropical ZonesKnown as Tropical Zones The points where the sun’s rays beat straight down, no winter seasonThe points where the sun’s rays beat straight down, no winter season

20. Circles Arctic Circle- north most point where sun doesn’t shine for one day straight Arctic Circle- north most point where sun doesn’t shine for one day straight Antarctic Circle- southernmost point Antarctic Circle- southernmost point Polar Zones- North and South polesPolar Zones- North and South poles **In between these zones, TEMPERATE ZONES, no weather extremes

21. Seeing the World Like a Geographer Thematic Map- presents information related to only one theme or topic Physical Features- natural parts of Earth’s surface Landforms- mountains, valleys, plains, plateaus and water Climate- long-term weather patterns Vegetation- trees and other plants

22. Human Geography Population Density- average number of people who live in a unit of area, such as a square mile…how crowded an area is Economic Activity- the way people produce, buy and sell services Natural Resources- useful items found in nature

23. Mapping Physical Features Shows the shapes of features as seen from above Show elevation with shading areas by their height above sea level

24. Earth’s Climates Climate Zones- each zone has a particular pattern of temperature and participation Climate Zones- each zone has a particular pattern of temperature and participation Climagraph- shows the average temperature and precipitation in a place over a year Climagraph- shows the average temperature and precipitation in a place over a year

25. Prime Meridian Prime Meridian Equator Equator International Date Line International Date Line Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Capricorn