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An Introduction to THEORIES of LEARNING CHAPTER An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright ©

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1 An Introduction to THEORIES of LEARNING CHAPTER An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Early Notions about Learning 3 Ninth Edition

2 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Epistomology: The Nature of Knowledge Plato (ca. 427—347 B.C.)  Predominantly a nativist.  Knowledge is innate–inherited. Aristotle (384—322 B.C.)  Predominantly an empiricist.  Knowledge comes from sensory experience.

3 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Plato Reminiscence Theory of Knowledge Knowledge is “recollection of the experience our soul had in the “heaven which is beyond the heavens.” Sensory information can deceive. Use reason to remember what you already know.

4 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Aristotle Knowledge gained from senses and reason Laws of Association  Similarity  Contrast  Contiguity  Frequency (later)

5 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Law of Contiguity

6 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Beginnings of Modern Psychology Rene DesCartes  Suggested that the Mind and Body (including brain) were separate entities.  Introduced the reflex action.  Relied on innate ideas. (space, time, motion, god, self)

7 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Thomas Hobbes Opposed the notion of innate ideas. Doctrine of Hedonism  Avoiding Pain; Seeking Pleasure.  Saw humans as selfish and aggressive.  Society as a safe compromise.

8 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved John Locke Tabula Rasa  “There is nothing in the mind that is not first in the senses.”  “There is nothing in the mind that is not first in the senses, except the mind itself.”

9 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved David Hume (1711—1776) We can be sure of nothing. Mind, for Hume, was no more than a stream of ideas, memories, imaginings, associations, and feelings. Subjective experience was the only thing we ever encountered directly.

10 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Immanuel Kant (1724—1804) Careful analysis reveals categories of thought. Twelve innate faculties including unity, totality, reality, existence, necessity, reciprocity, and causality. Great influence on Gestalt and Cognitive Psychology.

11 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved John Stuart Mill Simple ideas combine into a new totality that may bear little resemblance to its parts. The whole is different from the sum of its parts. The foundation of Gestalt Psychology.

12 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Thomas Reid Faculty Psychology  Hypothesized twenty-seven faculties of the mind, most of which were thought to be innate.

13 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Franz Joseph Gall (1758—1828)

14 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Charles Darwin (1809—1882) Wished to have his research published only after his death. We are biologically related to the “lower” animals. Experimental approach could be applied to the study of humans.

15 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850—1909)

16 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ebbinghaus Emancipated psychology from philosophy. Forgetting is very fast for the first few hours following a learning experience and very slow thereafter. Psychology’s first “learning curve.”

17 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Psychology’s Early Schools Voluntarism: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (1832—1920)

18 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Wundt and Voluntarism Psychology’s first experimental laboratory. The important aspects of mind could be studied only indirectly by studying religion, morals, myths, art, social customs, language, and law. Saw Experimental Psychology as limited.

19 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Edward Titchener (1867—1927) and Structuralism Analyzed elements of thought using introspection. A search for the basic elements of thought. Most important thing about structuralism was that it appeared, it was tried, and it failed.

20 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Functionalism—Adjusting to the Environment William James

21 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Functionalism Influenced by Darwin’s doctrine of evolution. Studied the relationship of consciousness to the environment. Information that could be used to improve the human condition.

22 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved John B. Watson (1878—1958)

23 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved John B. Watson (1878—1958) Founder of Behaviorism  No more introspection, no more talk of instinctive behavior, and no study of the human conscious or unconscious mind.  Behavior is what we can see, and therefore behavior is what we study.

24 An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Watson’s Contributions Changed psychology’s goal from attempting to understand consciousness to the prediction and control of behavior. He made behavior psychology’s subject matter. Ever since Watson, essentially all psychologists study behavior.

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