1. Monks, Popes & Emperors: Movements of Reform

2. I. The Church and the World

3. Monks, Popes & Emperors: Movements of Reform I. The Church and the World A. Relation of Spiritual and Temporal Realms

4. Monks, Popes & Emperors: Movements of Reform I. The Church and the World A. Relation of Spiritual and Temporal Realms B. Implications of Involvement in the World

5. Monks, Popes & Emperors: Movements of Reform I. The Church and the World A. Relation of Spiritual and Temporal Realms B. Implications of Involvement in the World II. Reforming the Church: Approaches & Examples

6. Monks, Popes & Emperors: Movements of Reform I. The Church and the World A. Relation of Spiritual and Temporal Realms B. Implications of Involvement in the World II. Reforming the Church: Approaches & Examples A. Cluniac Reform Movement

7. The monastery of Cluny was founded in 909 by Count William of Aquitaine as an institution devoted to reform of the Church. William dictated that the abbot be freely elected by the monks, not by his successors or the bishop. The pope was to be the protector of the monastery. Click on Cluny for a reconstruction of the monastery.

8. Encounter of the Pope and members of his court, at left, with the Abbot of Cluny and his monks, at right

9. Monks, Popes & Emperors: Movements of Reform I. The Church and the World A. Relation of Spiritual and Temporal Realms B. Implications of Involvement in the World II. Reforming the Church: Approaches & Examples A. Cluniac Reform Movement B. Reform Popes of the 11 th Century

10. Holy Roman Empire

11. Monks, Popes & Emperors: Movements of Reform I. The Church and the World A. Relation of Spiritual and Temporal Realms B. Implications of Involvement in the World II. Reforming the Church: Approaches & Examples A. Cluniac Reform Movement B. Reform Popes of the 11 th Century III. Gregory VII (1073-1085) & the Investiture Controversy

12. Monks, Popes & Emperors: Movements of Reform I. The Church and the World A. Relation of Spiritual and Temporal Realms B. Implications of Involvement in the World II. Reforming the Church: Approaches & Examples A. Cluniac Reform Movement B. Reform Popes of the 11 th Century III. Gregory VII (1073-1085) & the Investiture Controversy A. Investiture

13. Investiture A medieval king investing a bishop with the symbols of office.

14. Monks, Popes & Emperors: Movements of Reform I. The Church and the World A. Relation of Spiritual and Temporal Realms B. Implications of Involvement in the World II. Reforming the Church: Approaches & Examples A. Cluniac Reform Movement B. Reform Popes of the 11 th Century III. Gregory VII (1073-1085) & the Investiture Controversy A. Investiture B. Henry IV & Gregory VII: Canossa

15. Henry IV at the gate of Canossa, by August von Heyden

16. Emperor Henry IV kisses the slipper of Pope Gregory VII

17. Monks, Popes & Emperors: Movements of Reform I. The Church and the World A. Relation of Spiritual and Temporal Realms B. Implications of Involvement in the World II. Reforming the Church: Approaches & Examples A. Cluniac Reform Movement B. Reform Popes of the 11 th Century III. Gregory VII (1073-1085) & the Investiture Controversy A. Investiture B. Henry IV & Gregory VII: Canossa C. Significance of Canossa

18. Monks, Popes & Emperors: Movements of Reform I. The Church and the World A. Relation of Spiritual and Temporal Realms B. Implications of Involvement in the World II. Reforming the Church: Approaches & Examples A. Cluniac Reform Movement B. Reform Popes of the 11 th Century III. Gregory VII (1073-1085) & the Investiture Controversy A. Investiture B. Henry IV & Gregory VII: Canossa C. Significance of Canossa D. Aftermath: The Concordate of Worms