1. 3-1 Lesson 3 Objectives Boundary conditions Boundary conditions General Lagrangian solution (review) General Lagrangian solution (review) Curvilinear coordinate systems Curvilinear coordinate systems Cylindrical Cylindrical Sphere Sphere Curvilinear Boltzmann Equation Curvilinear Boltzmann Equation Conservative form of curvilinear equations Conservative form of curvilinear equations

2. 3-2 Initial and boundary conditions In order to solve for the flux  in a volume V of space (with its external surfaces denoted as  ) at time t>0, we need to specify two types of external conditions: In order to solve for the flux  in a volume V of space (with its external surfaces denoted as  ) at time t>0, we need to specify two types of external conditions: 1. Initial conditions, 2. Boundary conditions, for all for incoming angles (i.e., directions for which, where we have followed the usual convention of having be outward-pointing normal vectors on the surface.

3. 3-3 Initial conditions The usual situation for specifying initial conditions is to use the solution to the steady-state (i.e., time-independent) solution Boltzmann at time = 0, that is: The usual situation for specifying initial conditions is to use the solution to the steady-state (i.e., time-independent) solution Boltzmann at time = 0, that is: where is the solution to: where is the solution to:

4. 3-4 Boundary conditions The most common boundary conditions are: The most common boundary conditions are: Void:Void: Specified:Specified: (coupled problems)(coupled problems) Reflected:Reflected: Periodic:Periodic: where the points map where the points map White:White:

5. 3-5 Void boundary condition Void: Void: Vacuum: No particles going INTO volume V V

6. 3-6 Specified boundary condition Specified: Specified: Entering particles from another problem or external source V S

7. 3-7 Reflected boundary condition Reflected: Reflected: Like particle “mirrors” on each boundary V V

8. 3-8 Periodic boundary condition Periodic: Periodic: Exiting particle re-enters on another boundary V V

9. 3-9 White boundary condition White: White: No matter what direction it exits, re-enters isotropically.

10. 3-10 General Lagrangian solution where we defined s as the distance of travel of the particle. As you will remember, in the previous lesson we used an Lagrangian frame of reference. As you will remember, in the previous lesson we used an Lagrangian frame of reference. This gave us a solution in the form:This gave us a solution in the form:

11. 3-11 General Lagrangian solution (2) This frame of reference is “moving along with” an unperturbed” pack of particles, and the equation “is completely parameterized” in terms of s:This frame of reference is “moving along with” an unperturbed” pack of particles, and the equation “is completely parameterized” in terms of s: By “completely parameterized,” we mean that ALL the variables of  are defined as functions of s.By “completely parameterized,” we mean that ALL the variables of  are defined as functions of s.

12. 3-12 General Lagrangian solution (3) That is, beginning at some initial s=0, where a particle has some position (x 0,y 0,z 0 ), direction cosines (  0,  0,  0 ), energy E 0, and age t 0, all of the variable changes can be associated with s.That is, beginning at some initial s=0, where a particle has some position (x 0,y 0,z 0 ), direction cosines (  0,  0,  0 ), energy E 0, and age t 0, all of the variable changes can be associated with s. y x z

13. 3-13 General Lagrangian solution (4) We evaluate the pieces of the total derivative that are appropriate to the coordinate system:We evaluate the pieces of the total derivative that are appropriate to the coordinate system:

14. 3-14 Cartesian coordinate system (static) y x z Notes: 1.Same coordinate system for position and direction 2.Direction coordinate system not dependent on particle position

15. 3-15 Cartesian coordinate system static (2)

16. 3-16 2D Cartesian static Cartesian geometry can be simplified to 2D if one dimension can be assumed to be infinite simplifying the flux dependence:Cartesian geometry can be simplified to 2D if one dimension can be assumed to be infinite simplifying the flux dependence: Corresponds to an arrangement of homogenous rectangular blocks:Corresponds to an arrangement of homogenous rectangular blocks: x y Note: Infinite in z direction.

17. 3-17 2D Cartesian static (2)

18. 3-18 1D Cartesian static Cartesian geometry can be simplified to 1D if two dimensions can be assumed to be infinite:Cartesian geometry can be simplified to 1D if two dimensions can be assumed to be infinite: Corresponds to an arrangement of homogenous parallel slabs:Corresponds to an arrangement of homogenous parallel slabs: x Note: Infinite in y and z directions.

19. 3-19 1D Cartesian static

20. 3-20 Curvilinear coordinate systems We have worked out the equation for only ONE of the THREE orthogonal coordinate systems in common use (out of the 13 that have been identified)We have worked out the equation for only ONE of the THREE orthogonal coordinate systems in common use (out of the 13 that have been identified) The other two are cylindrical and sphericalThe other two are cylindrical and spherical

21. 3-21 Curvilinear equations The Boltzmann Equation assumes a different form for the curvilinear (cylindrical and spherical) geometries.The Boltzmann Equation assumes a different form for the curvilinear (cylindrical and spherical) geometries. This is because the r vector follows the particle (like a skeet shooter’s rifle).This is because the r vector follows the particle (like a skeet shooter’s rifle). The result of this is that the direction cosines change as the particle moves, which means that the angular derivatives of the Eulerian solution are no longer 0:The result of this is that the direction cosines change as the particle moves, which means that the angular derivatives of the Eulerian solution are no longer 0:

22. 3-22 Spherical coordinate system y x z r Notes: 1. is parallel to position vector. 2. is in same plane as the vertical axis and, perpendicular to. 3.Third axis is perpendicular to the other two.

23. 3-23 Spherical coordinate system

24. 3-24 1D spherical Spherical geometry is usually applied in its 1D radial form:Spherical geometry is usually applied in its 1D radial form: Corresponds to a concentric arrangement of spherical shells:Corresponds to a concentric arrangement of spherical shells:

25. 3-25 1D spherical (Losing the azumuthal direction components is actually a little trickier than this)(Losing the azumuthal direction components is actually a little trickier than this)

26. 3-26 Spherical 1D curvilinear equations In spherical 1D, a close up on the particle is:In spherical 1D, a close up on the particle is:

27. 3-27 Spherical 1D curvilinear equations (2) Final form of spherical 1D streaming term:Final form of spherical 1D streaming term:

28. 3-28 Cylindrical coordinate system y x z r z Notes: 1. is parallel to projection of position vector. 2. is in the (x,y) plane. 3.Third axis is vertical.

29. 3-29 Cylindrical coordinate system (2)

30. 3-30 2D Cylindrical Cylindrical geometry can be simplified to 2D if there is rotational symmetry about the z axis:Cylindrical geometry can be simplified to 2D if there is rotational symmetry about the z axis: Corresponds to an arrangement of homogenous finite-height cylindrical rings:Corresponds to an arrangement of homogenous finite-height cylindrical rings: Note: Homogeneous in  direction. All three direction cosines needed. All three direction cosines needed. z y x

31. 3-31 1D Cylindrical Cylindrical geometry can be simplified to 1D if there is rotational symmetry about the z axis and homogeneous in z direction:Cylindrical geometry can be simplified to 1D if there is rotational symmetry about the z axis and homogeneous in z direction: Corresponds to an arrangement of homogenous infinite-height cylindrical rings:Corresponds to an arrangement of homogenous infinite-height cylindrical rings: Note: Homogeneous in  and z directions. Two direction variables needed.

32. 3-32 1D Cylindrical (2)

33. 3-33 Cylindrical 1D curvilinear equations In cylindrical 1D, a close up on the particle is:In cylindrical 1D, a close up on the particle is:

34. 3-34 Cylindrical 1D curvilinear equations Final form of cylindrical 1D streaming term:Final form of cylindrical 1D streaming term:

35. 3-35 Resulting curvilinear 1D B.E.’s The resulting B.E. for the 1D geometries are:The resulting B.E. for the 1D geometries are: Cartesian:Cartesian: SphericalSpherical CylindricalCylindrical

36. 3-36 Conservative form Having spent all this trouble getting the curvilinear equations, we are NOT going to use them!Having spent all this trouble getting the curvilinear equations, we are NOT going to use them! Instead we are going to convert them into so- called conservative form, which will be better for us later when we finite difference in space.Instead we are going to convert them into so- called conservative form, which will be better for us later when we finite difference in space. For now, I want you to be able to do two things:For now, I want you to be able to do two things: 1.State why we are doing this: “So that when we finite difference the streaming operator, the resulting terms will conserve particles.” 2.Show that the two are equivalent. This just involves simple differential calculus.

37. 3-37 Conservative form for 1D B.E.’s The resulting conservative B.E.’s for the 1D curvilinear geometries are:The resulting conservative B.E.’s for the 1D curvilinear geometries are: SphericalSpherical CylindricalCylindrical

38. 3-38 Homework Problems (3-1) Use the product differentiation rule to show that the conservative and non- conservative forms of the 1D spherial equation are identical. (3-2) Use the product differentiation rule to show that the conservative and non- conservative forms of the 1D cylindrical equation are identical.

39. 3-39 Homework Problems (2) (3-3) Show that the white boundary condition is given by: