1. Personal Development By: Megan Piwonka, Gracie Jamieson, Carter Brown, and Jackson Herzberg

2. Main Idea The transition from childhood to adulthood involves changes in patterns of reasoning and moral thinking, as well as the development of ones identity.

3. Vocabulary Rationalization: a process whereby an individual seeks to explain an often unpleasant emotion or behavior in a way that will preserve his or her self-esteem Identity Crisis: a period of inner conflict during which adolescents worry intensely about who they are Social Learning Theory: Bandura’s view of human development: emphasizes interaction

4. Problems Adolescents Develop Finding fault with authority figures: Adolescents discover that people they admired for years fall short of their ideals and let everyone know it. Argumentativeness: Adolescents practice building their own viewpoints by arguing any problem that presents itself. Indecisiveness: Aware of many choices, adolescents often have trouble making even simple decisions. Apparent hypocrisy: Adolescents have difficulty understanding an ideal and living up to it. Self-consciousness: Adolescents assume that everyone is thinking about the same thing they are themselves! Invulnerability: Adolescents begin to feel special, that their experiences are unique, and that they are not subject to the same rules that govern everyone else. This special feeling of invulnerability underlies adolescent risk-taking behavior and self- destructive behavior.

5. Moral Development According to Lawrence Kohlberg, moral reasoning develops in stages: Stage 1: whether is has positive or negative consequences for themselves Stage 2: later stages they judge an action be whether or not it is socially approved Stage 3: sanctioned by an established authority Stage 4: adolescence and young adulthood are usually the periods of the most profound development Stage 5: become concerned with whether a law is fair or just Stage 6: also concerned with whether a law is fair or just Formulate absolute ethical principals, such as The Golden Rule

6. Identity Development Erik Erikson has shown the establishment of identity is key to adolescent development. According to Erikson, building an identity is a task that is unique to adolescence. To achieve a sense of themselves Erikson termed an identity crisis-a time of inner conflict during which they worry intensely about their identities.