1. Assessing Speaking

2. Basic Types of Speaking (1) Imitative  Focus on pronunciation  Not concerned about comprehension or expression of meaning e.g. Repeat after me: [bit, beat] I bought a boat yesterday. Intensive (limited, mechanical, or controlled)  Semantic, syntactical, phonological aspects  Minimal interaction  Directed response tasks, reading aloud 1. directed response tasks e.g. Tell me that you aren’t interested in tennis. 2. read-aloud task e.g. read the passage (p. 148) 3. dialogue completions task (p. 150) 4. picture-cued elicitation of oral comprehension (p. 153)

3. Basic Types of Speaking (2) Responsive  Interaction and test comprehension  Limited level of very short conversations 1. Questions eliciting open-ended responses e.g. what do you think about the weather today? 2. Giving instructions and directions e.g. describe how to make a typical dish from your country. 3. Paraphrasing a story e.g. hear the little story and respond with two or three sentences. (p. 162) Interactive  Transactional language v.s. interpersonal language  Longer and more complex  Specific and interpersonal exchanges 1. Interview 1. Warm-up level check probe wind-down

4. Interview 4 stages: e.g. 169  Warm-up: small talk not scored  Level check  Probe  Wind-down Not scored

5. Basic Types of Speaking (2) Interactive 2. role-play e.g. pretend you are a tourist asking me for directions. 3. Discussion and conversation 4. Games

6. Basic Types of Speaking (2) Extensive (monologue)  Language style deliberative (i.e., planned) Formal  Examples Oral presentation. Speeches Retelling the story Picture-cued Story-telling Translation (the test-taker read in the native language and then translate into English)

7. Micro- & Macro-skills of Speaking Microskills  Phonemes and allophones  Stress patterns, rhythmic structure, intonation  Lexical units  Reduced forms  Rates of delivery  Chunks of language of different lengths  Strategic devices: pauses, fillers, backtracking  Grammatical word classes, systems, word order, patterns, rules, elliptical forms  Speech in natural constituents  Cohesive devices

8. Macro-skills Accomplish communicative functions according to situations, participants, goals Styles, registers, pragmatic conventions, conversation rules, interrupting, etc. Making connections between new/given info., generalization/exemplification, etc. Nonverbal cues: facial features, body language, etc. Speaking strategies:  Key word emphasis  Rephrase.... and more