1. AMERICA AS ISOLATIONIST AND WWII

2. NATIONALISM GRIPS EUROPE AND ASIA Seeds of new conflicts had been sown in WWI Seeds of new conflicts had been sown in WWI For many nations, peace had not brought prosperity, but revolution and economic depression and struggle For many nations, peace had not brought prosperity, but revolution and economic depression and struggle Postwar years – brought the rise of powerful dictators who believed in nationalism, or loyalty to one’s country above all, and dreams of territorial expansion Postwar years – brought the rise of powerful dictators who believed in nationalism, or loyalty to one’s country above all, and dreams of territorial expansion

3. FAILURES OF WWI PEACE SETTLEMENT The Treaty of Versailles caused anger and resentment. The Treaty of Versailles caused anger and resentment. Germans saw nothing fair in the treaty as it blamed them for starting the war. Germans saw nothing fair in the treaty as it blamed them for starting the war. They also found no security in a settlement that stripped them of their oversea colonies and border territories. They also found no security in a settlement that stripped them of their oversea colonies and border territories. These problems overwhelmed the Weimar Republic, the gov’t set up in Germany after WWI. These problems overwhelmed the Weimar Republic, the gov’t set up in Germany after WWI. Similar to this, the Soviets resented the carving up of Russia Similar to this, the Soviets resented the carving up of Russia

5. FAILURES OF TREATY Did not fulfill Wilson’s hope of a world “safe for democracy”. Did not fulfill Wilson’s hope of a world “safe for democracy”. The new governments that emerged in Europe faltered. The new governments that emerged in Europe faltered. Without the democratic tradition, the people turned to authoritarian leaders to solve their economic and social problems. Without the democratic tradition, the people turned to authoritarian leaders to solve their economic and social problems. The new democracies collapsed, and dictators were able to seize power The new democracies collapsed, and dictators were able to seize power

6. STALIN TRANSFORMS THE SOVIET UNION Hopes for democracy led top civil war in Russia Hopes for democracy led top civil war in Russia Resulted in a communist state, called the Soviet Union in 1922. Resulted in a communist state, called the Soviet Union in 1922. Lenin died in 1924 and Joseph Stalin took control of the country. Lenin died in 1924 and Joseph Stalin took control of the country. He focused on creating a model communist state He focused on creating a model communist state Made both agricultural and industrial growth the prime economic goals of the Soviet Union. Made both agricultural and industrial growth the prime economic goals of the Soviet Union. He abolished privately owned farms and replaced them with collectives – large gov’t owned farms. Each was worked by hundred of families He abolished privately owned farms and replaced them with collectives – large gov’t owned farms. Each was worked by hundred of families

7. STALIN IN POWER Stalin moved to transform the Soviet Union into a great industrial power. Stalin moved to transform the Soviet Union into a great industrial power. 1928 – outlined for the first of several “five-year plans” to direct industrialization. 1928 – outlined for the first of several “five-year plans” to direct industrialization. Economic activity was placed under state management. Economic activity was placed under state management. 1937 – Soviet Union was the world’s second largest industrial power, only behind the US. 1937 – Soviet Union was the world’s second largest industrial power, only behind the US.

8. HUMAN COSTS Stalin wanted to purge anyone who threatened his power. Stalin wanted to purge anyone who threatened his power. Throughout his reign, it is estimated that 8-13 million people died under his rule, not including those who died of famine. Throughout his reign, it is estimated that 8-13 million people died under his rule, not including those who died of famine. 1939 – established a totalitarian government that tried to exert complete control over its citizens. Individuals have no rights, and the gov’t surpasses all opposition 1939 – established a totalitarian government that tried to exert complete control over its citizens. Individuals have no rights, and the gov’t surpasses all opposition

10. RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY Benito Mussolini was establishing a totalitarian regime in Italy, where unemployment and inflation caused strikes Benito Mussolini was establishing a totalitarian regime in Italy, where unemployment and inflation caused strikes The middle and upper class demanded strong leadership as a result of these strikes. The middle and upper class demanded strong leadership as a result of these strikes. Mussolini took advantage as he was a powerful speaker and he knew how to appeal to Italy’s wounded national pride Mussolini took advantage as he was a powerful speaker and he knew how to appeal to Italy’s wounded national pride Used the fears of economic collapse and communism to win the support of many discontented Italians Used the fears of economic collapse and communism to win the support of many discontented Italians

11. FASCISM 1921 – Mussolini established the Fascist party. It stressed nationalist and placed the interests of the state above the individuals. 1921 – Mussolini established the Fascist party. It stressed nationalist and placed the interests of the state above the individuals. To strengthen the nation, fascists argued power must rest with a single strong leader and a small group of devoted party members. To strengthen the nation, fascists argued power must rest with a single strong leader and a small group of devoted party members. 1922 – Mussolini marched on Rome and when government officials, the army, and the police sided with the Fascists, Mussolini was appointed the head of government 1922 – Mussolini marched on Rome and when government officials, the army, and the police sided with the Fascists, Mussolini was appointed the head of government He extended Fascist control to every aspect of Italian life. He extended Fascist control to every aspect of Italian life. He succeeded by crushing all opposition and making Italy a totalitarian state He succeeded by crushing all opposition and making Italy a totalitarian state

12. NAZIS TAKE OVER GERMANY Hitler followed a path similar to Mussolini. Hitler followed a path similar to Mussolini. After WWI he joined the National Socialist German Workers’ party, or the Nazi party. However, it had no ties to socialism After WWI he joined the National Socialist German Workers’ party, or the Nazi party. However, it had no ties to socialism He was a powerful public speaker and organizer and quickly became the party’s leader. He was a powerful public speaker and organizer and quickly became the party’s leader. In his book “Mein Kampf” or “My Struggle”, he set forth basic beliefs of Nazism that became the plans for the Nazi Party In his book “Mein Kampf” or “My Struggle”, he set forth basic beliefs of Nazism that became the plans for the Nazi Party

13. NAZISM Nazism was the German brand of Fascism, extreme nationalism. Nazism was the German brand of Fascism, extreme nationalism. Hitler dreamed of uniting all German-speaking people in a great German empire Hitler dreamed of uniting all German-speaking people in a great German empire Wanted racial purification – blonde hair, blue eyed “Aryans” were the master race destined to rule the world. Wanted racial purification – blonde hair, blue eyed “Aryans” were the master race destined to rule the world. Believed that Jews, Slaves, and all nonwhites, were inferior races and should only serve the Aryans Believed that Jews, Slaves, and all nonwhites, were inferior races and should only serve the Aryans Third element of Nazism – national expansion. Third element of Nazism – national expansion.

14. NAZISM Hitler believed that for Germany to thrive, it needed more lebensraum, or living space. Hitler believed that for Germany to thrive, it needed more lebensraum, or living space. One of the aims was to secure for the German people the land and soil to which they are entitled on this earth. One of the aims was to secure for the German people the land and soil to which they are entitled on this earth. This could only be done by the might of a victorious sword. This could only be done by the might of a victorious sword. The Great Depression aided the Nazis in coming to war. The Great Depression aided the Nazis in coming to war. Due to war debts and dependence on American loans and investments, Germany’s economy was crumbling. Due to war debts and dependence on American loans and investments, Germany’s economy was crumbling.

15. NAZISM 1932 - 6 million Germans unemployed. 1932 - 6 million Germans unemployed. German people were desperate and turned to Hitler as their last hope German people were desperate and turned to Hitler as their last hope Mid 1932 – Nazis were the strongest political party in Germany. Mid 1932 – Nazis were the strongest political party in Germany. 1933 – Hitler is appointed chancellor (Prime Minister) 1933 – Hitler is appointed chancellor (Prime Minister) Once in power, he quickly dismantled the Weimar Republic and put the Third reich in place (Third German Empire) Once in power, he quickly dismantled the Weimar Republic and put the Third reich in place (Third German Empire)

17. MILITARISTS CONTROL JAPAN Nationalistic military leaders were attempting to take control of the imperial government of Japan Nationalistic military leaders were attempting to take control of the imperial government of Japan Shared common believed with Hitler in the need for more living space for a growing population. Shared common believed with Hitler in the need for more living space for a growing population. Militarists launched a surprise attack and seized control of the Chinese province of Manchuria in 1931 Militarists launched a surprise attack and seized control of the Chinese province of Manchuria in 1931 Several months later, Japanese troops controlled all of Manchuria, which was rich in natural resources. Several months later, Japanese troops controlled all of Manchuria, which was rich in natural resources.

19. JAPAN The League of Nations, whom were made to prevent these acts went out to investigate the situation. The League of Nations, whom were made to prevent these acts went out to investigate the situation. They condemned Japan and Japan quickly quit the League. They condemned Japan and Japan quickly quit the League. The success of the Manchurian invasion put the militarists firmly in control of Japan’s government The success of the Manchurian invasion put the militarists firmly in control of Japan’s government

20. CONFLICT IN EUROPE AND AFRICA Due to the failure of the League of Nations to take action against Japan, the dictators in Europe quickly took notice Due to the failure of the League of Nations to take action against Japan, the dictators in Europe quickly took notice 1933 – Hitler pulled Germany out of the league and in 1935, he began a military buildup, violating the Treaty of Versailles. 1933 – Hitler pulled Germany out of the league and in 1935, he began a military buildup, violating the Treaty of Versailles. 1936 – he sent troops into the Rhineland, which was demilitarized as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. The League did nothing to stop Hitler 1936 – he sent troops into the Rhineland, which was demilitarized as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. The League did nothing to stop Hitler Mussolini began building his new Roman Empire. Mussolini began building his new Roman Empire. Targeted Ethiopia – 1935 Mussolini prepared for the invasion Targeted Ethiopia – 1935 Mussolini prepared for the invasion

21. AFRICA AND EUROPE The League responded with “collective resistance to all acts of unprovoked aggression” The League responded with “collective resistance to all acts of unprovoked aggression” When the invasion began, the League was an ineffective economic boycott. When the invasion began, the League was an ineffective economic boycott. May 1936 – Ethiopia had fallen. In one last hope Haile Salessie, the Ethiopian emperor appealed to the League for assistance. Nothing was done. May 1936 – Ethiopia had fallen. In one last hope Haile Salessie, the Ethiopian emperor appealed to the League for assistance. Nothing was done.

23. CIVIL WAR IN SPAIN 1936, group of Spanish army officers led by General Francisco Franco, rebelled against the Spanish republic 1936, group of Spanish army officers led by General Francisco Franco, rebelled against the Spanish republic Revolts broke out and Civil War began Revolts broke out and Civil War began The war aroused passions not only in Spain, but through the world The war aroused passions not only in Spain, but through the world 3,000 Americans formed the Abraham Lincoln Battalion and fought against Franco 3,000 Americans formed the Abraham Lincoln Battalion and fought against Franco This limited aid was not enough to stop the spread of fascism. The Western democracies remained neutral. This limited aid was not enough to stop the spread of fascism. The Western democracies remained neutral. Franco was backed with troops by Hitler and Mussolini Franco was backed with troops by Hitler and Mussolini

24. SPANISH CIVIL WAR Forged a close relationship between Hitler and Mussolini and formed an alliance known as the Rome-Berlin Axis Forged a close relationship between Hitler and Mussolini and formed an alliance known as the Rome-Berlin Axis Franco was victorious in 1939 and became Spain’s fascist dictator. Franco was victorious in 1939 and became Spain’s fascist dictator. Once again, another totalitarian government in Europe Once again, another totalitarian government in Europe

25. THE UNITED STATES RESPONDS Americans were alarmed by the international conflicts during the 1930s, but believed the US should not get involved Americans were alarmed by the international conflicts during the 1930s, but believed the US should not get involved 1928 – US signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact – a treaty signed by 62 countries and declared that war would not be used “as an instrument of national policy” 1928 – US signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact – a treaty signed by 62 countries and declared that war would not be used “as an instrument of national policy” In the early 1930s – there was a flood of books that argued that the US had been dragged into WWI by greedy bankers and arm dealers In the early 1930s – there was a flood of books that argued that the US had been dragged into WWI by greedy bankers and arm dealers Public outrage led to the creation of a congressional committee. Public outrage led to the creation of a congressional committee. The Nye committee fueled the controversy by documenting the large profits that banks and manufacturers made during the war The Nye committee fueled the controversy by documenting the large profits that banks and manufacturers made during the war

26. AMERICA CLINGS TO ISOLATIONISM Americans were becoming more determined than ever to avoid war Americans were becoming more determined than ever to avoid war The growing isolationist views had an impact on Roosevelt’s foreign policy. The growing isolationist views had an impact on Roosevelt’s foreign policy. 1933 when he first took office, he felt comfortable reaching out to the world in several ways 1933 when he first took office, he felt comfortable reaching out to the world in several ways Recognized the Soviet Union in 1933 and agreed to exchange ambassadors with Moscow. Recognized the Soviet Union in 1933 and agreed to exchange ambassadors with Moscow. Continued the policy of nonintervention in Latin America with his Good Neighbor Policy and withdrew armed forces stationed there Continued the policy of nonintervention in Latin America with his Good Neighbor Policy and withdrew armed forces stationed there

27. AMERICA AND ISOLATIONISM 1934 – Pushed the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act through Congress. 1934 – Pushed the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act through Congress. Lowered trade barriers by giving the president the power to make trade agreements with other nations and was aimed at reducing tariffs by as much as 50 percent Lowered trade barriers by giving the president the power to make trade agreements with other nations and was aimed at reducing tariffs by as much as 50 percent To keep the US out of future wars, in 1935, Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts. To keep the US out of future wars, in 1935, Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts. First two acts outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war. First two acts outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war. Third act passed in response to fighting in Spain. Extended the ban on arms sales and loans to nations engaging in civil war Third act passed in response to fighting in Spain. Extended the ban on arms sales and loans to nations engaging in civil war

29. NEUTRALITY BREAKS DOWN Despite Congressional efforts, Roosevelt found it impossible to remain neutral. Despite Congressional efforts, Roosevelt found it impossible to remain neutral. When Japan launched their attack on China, Roosevelt found a way around the Neutrality Acts. When Japan launched their attack on China, Roosevelt found a way around the Neutrality Acts. Claimed Japan had never declared war against China and did not need to enforce the neutrality acts. Claimed Japan had never declared war against China and did not need to enforce the neutrality acts. US continued to send arms and supplies to China. US continued to send arms and supplies to China. Roosevelt spoke strongly against isolationism a few months later. Roosevelt spoke strongly against isolationism a few months later. He finally seemed ready to stand against aggression, until isolationist newspapers exploded in protest He finally seemed ready to stand against aggression, until isolationist newspapers exploded in protest

30. ISOLATIONISM IN THE US The newspapers accused the president of leading the nation into war. The newspapers accused the president of leading the nation into war. Roosevelt backed off in the face of criticism, but his speech began to shift the debate. Roosevelt backed off in the face of criticism, but his speech began to shift the debate. However, conflicts remained “over there” However, conflicts remained “over there”

32. DEBATE During this time Americans wanted to stay isolationist During this time Americans wanted to stay isolationist The class is going to be split into those who believe the US should stay isolationist and those who believe we should be involved in the war The class is going to be split into those who believe the US should stay isolationist and those who believe we should be involved in the war You are to discuss why you are for or against isolationism and provide facts as to why. You are to discuss why you are for or against isolationism and provide facts as to why. Use the class notes for the facts (dictators, WWI, foreign trade, depression, etc) Use the class notes for the facts (dictators, WWI, foreign trade, depression, etc) We will then make a list and give arguments both for and against the proposed idea. We will then make a list and give arguments both for and against the proposed idea.