1. Arab Nationalism France and Britain did not honor the promises of Arab independence made during WW I. Occupied former Turkish lands as League of Nations mandates. The British also promise the Arabs and Jews Palestine (the Holy Land.) 19 th C. pogroms convinced Jews acceptance in Europe was impossible.

2. Arab Nationalism Zionist organizations formed to promote a Jewish state. Arab opposition to Jewish emigration led the British to restrict support mildly. Nothing was done by the British to encourage the development of a strong Palestinian leadership able to promote its own interests.

3. Creation of Israel Zionist movement was strengthened by German persecution. British attempted to limit Jewish arrivals. After WW II both Jews and Arabs claim as their own. U.N. divides Palestine into two states.

4. Egypt 1919 Protectorate of Britain in 1914. Martial Law with WW I to protect Suez Canal. Troops drained local food supplies, while forced labor and inflation made conditions worse. Egyptians wanted to present their case at Versaille for self-determination. They were denied. Gradual independence began in 1922 and ended with withdrawal from the canal in 1936.

5. Egypt Britain kept the power to reoccupy Egypt if it was threatened by foreign power. Egyptian rulers did little to help the welfare of the people. Used their position to help themselves. Revolution takes place under General Nasser in 1952.

6. Women in Nationalist Movements Become politically active. Many received education to allow them to share in the lives of their educated husbands. Participate in peaceful and violent nationalist movements. Challenge male-dominated societies. Full equality has not arrived.

7. Africa British and French were forced to reverse policies to allow some industrial developments. Most British nonsettler colonies gained independence through peaceful means by the mid 1960’s. Moderate African leaders who were willing to retain ties to France dominated the nationalist process in West Africa. All free by 1960.

8. South Africa European population held onto control. Afrikaners lacked a European homeland to retreat to and built up a racist White supremacy ideology known as Apartheid. Afrikaners won internal political control in 1948.

9. Township

10. National Party of Afrikaners NPA won a majority in national elections and implemented apartheid. 75% of the population in South Africa was black and they were forced to live on 13 % of the land. The Black and Colored people had to carry passes if they worked outside of their new “homelands” and towns. Many lived in illegal but convenient shantytowns on the edge of “white” cities. Black education inferior

11. African National Congress ANC established as a political party for Black South African, but the British ban. In the 1950’s a more militant groups formed called the Spear of the Nation 1960, 69 people shot in a rally in the Sharpsville township of South Africa. Nelson Mandela arrested on the charge of Freedom.

12. Resistance 1977 Steve Biko, leader of the Black Consciousness Movement, arrested and brutally murdered by South African police. Donald Woods (white) writes a book, Steve Biko, to enlighten the rest of the world of the oppression in South Africa.

13. Resistance 1989 F.W. De Klerk becomes president and lifts the ban on the ANC, releases Mandela from prison. 1994, first free elections in South Africa, Mandela is elected president on the ANC ticket. 1998 Truth and Reconciliation Commission established.