2. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood: Lecture Chapter 14

3. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Middle Childhood (6-12) What are some significant milestones of middle childhood? Physical Cognitive Social Emotional

4. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Guideposts for Study 1. How do school-age children develop a realistic self-concept, and what contributes to self-esteem? 2. How do school-age children show emotional growth? 3. How do parent-child relationships change in middle childhood?

5. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Guideposts for Study  4.What are the effects of parents' work and of poverty on family atmosphere?  5. What impact does family structure have on children's development?  6.How do siblings influence and get along with one another?

6. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Guideposts for Study  7.How do relationships with peers change in middle childhood, and what influences popularity and choice of friends?  8. What are the most common forms of aggressive behavior in middle childhood, and what influences contribute to it?

7. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Guideposts for Study  9.What are some common emotional disturbances, and how are they treated?  10. How do the stresses of modern life affect children, and what enables "resilient" children to withstand them?

8. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The Developing Self: Representational Systems _______________________________: judgments about the self become more realistic, more balanced, more comprehensive, and more consciously expressed in middle childhood  “I’m a bit shy, but I’m honest and quite smart and I work very hard. I’m religious, which is important to me…”

9. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The Developing Self con’t Can focus on more than one dimension of personality Can compare one’s _________ self with one’s ___________ self and judge how well one measures up to social standards in comparison with others All of these changes contribute to the development of _________________

10. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Self-Esteem __________ versus inferiority: virtue that develops is _________________, a view of the self as able to master skills and complete tasks Children rate physical appearance most important to self-worth ___________ support from parents and classmates, and friends and teachers is important

11. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Emotional Growth Children become more __________ and inclined to prosocial behavior in middle childhood __________ of negative emotions is an aspect of emotional growth When parents show disapproval of, or punish, negative emotions, children may learn to hide such emotions

12. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Can you… Identify some aspects of emotional growth in middle childhood and tell how parental treatment may affect children’s handling of negative emotions?

13. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The Child in the Family Family Atmosphere School-aged children spend _______ time away from home than when they were younger and become ___ close to parents Most important influences is the ______________ within the home (supportive and loving or conflict ridden?)

14. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Parenting Issues Striving for _________________ during preadolescence often leads to deterioration of the quality of family problem solving and negotiation __________________ – transitional stage in the control of behaviour in which parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment-to-moment self-regulation The way parents __________ conflicts more important than the specific outcome

15. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Siblings In Asia, Africa, South America, siblings care for one another Feeding, comforting, disciplining, assigning chores etc.

16. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Sibling Relationships The _______ of siblings in a family and their spacing, birth order, and ________ often determine roles and relationships Siblings influence each other, not only __________, through their own interactions, but indirectly, through their impact on each other's relationship with the parents

17. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The Child in the Peer Group: Positive They develop skills needed for __________ and intimacy They enhance relationships They gain a sense of ____________ Frees them to make independent judgments

18. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The Child in the Peer Group: Negative A child is expected to ___________ peer group’s values and behavioral norms, even if undesirable, and children may not have the strength to resist (ie. shoplift, use drugs) The peer group may reinforce ___________ (unfavourable attitude toward “outsiders”, especially members of certain racial or ethnic groups)

19. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Popularity Peer relationships in middle childhood are ___________ predictors of later adjustment Popular children typically have good _________________ abilities are high achievers are good at solving __________ problems help other children are _______________ without being disruptive or aggressive

20. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Friendship Popularity is the peer group ’ s opinion of a child, but friendship is a ______street Friends: know each other well ______________ each other feel a sense of commitment to one another treat each other as ____________

21. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Friendship Children learn to ________________ and cooperate, learn about themselves and others, help each other get through stressful transitions, inevitable quarrels help children learn to resolve _____________ Friendships are deeper and more ________ in middle childhood ______________ and time spent together are factors in school-age friendships

22. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Aggression and Bullying During the school years, __________ aggression (aggression aimed at hurting its target) becomes more common than _______________ aggression (aggression aimed at achieving an objective), the hallmark of the preschool period Aggressors tend to be _______________ and have social and psychological problems

23. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Bullying Aggression deliberately and persistently directed against a particular target, or victim, typically one who is weak, vulnerable, and _____________________ ___________ bullies tend to use physical force (overt aggression) Female bullies tend to use verbal or psychological means (_____________ aggression) and are more likely to victimize other ___________

24. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Aggression and Bullying ______________ bias - children who seek dominance and control may be especially sensitive to slights, provocations, or other threats to their status, see other children as trying to hurt them Instrumental aggressors view force and coercion as _____________ ways to get what they want (expect to be rewarded) Aggressiveness can be reduced by cutting down on television use

25. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display What can and should be done about children’s exposure to violent television programs?

26. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Common Emotional Disturbances ____________ or mood disorders (feeling sad, depressed, unloved, nervous, fearful, or lonely) ___________________ separation anxiety disorder ___________________ generalized anxiety disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder Among the most prevalent mental health problems in Canada for children and adolescence

27. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Common Emotional Disturbances _____________conduct disorders (aggression, defiance, or antisocial behavior) oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) conduct disorder (CD) Childhood depression: a disorder of mood that goes beyond __________, temporary sadness

28. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Stress and Resilience Stress that becomes ___________can lead to psychological problems Psychologist David Elkind has called today's child the “______________" He warns that the pressures of modern life are forcing children to grow up too soon and are making their childhood too stressful

29. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display The Resilient Child: Table 14-2 _________________ Children – those who weather adverse circumstances, function well despite challenges or threats, or bounce back from traumatic events

30. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Protective factors Help children overcome stress and contribute to resilience Good relationship & strong bonds with at least one ___________ parent or caregiver High _______ and good problem solvers Personality (adaptable, friendly, well liked, independent, sensitive to others) Supportive school environment, success in sports, music etc.

31. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display How can adults contribute to children’s resilience? Give examples.

32. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Can you… Explain Elkind’s concept of the “hurried child”? Name the most common source of fear and anxiety in urban children and tell how fears change with age? Identify protective factors that contribute to resilience?