1. HASSAN ANWAR (PAKISTAN) THEORY PRESENTATION mr.hassan.anwar@gmail.com LAST VIEWED NEXT SLIDE LAST SLIDE FIRST SLIDE PREVIOUS SLIDE END SHOW Flag of Pakistan courtesy of www.mapsofworld.com

2. CONTENT Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977) Nine Events of Instruction Theory (Gagne, 1985) Discovery Learning Theory (Bruner, 1915) Symbolic Interaction Theory (Crossman, 1920) Economic Theory, Supply and Demand (Adam, 1776) References

3. Social Learning Theory Bandura, 1977 Image courtesy of mind42.com

4. Summary The theory explains people can learn new information and behaviors by watching actions of other people. References Instructional Design. (n.d.). Conditions of learning (Robert Gagne). Retrieved Dec 01, 2013, from http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/conditions-learning.html.http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/conditions-learning.html

5. Application Student’s learning strategies can become effective by observing bright students’ learning styles.

6. Nine Events of Instruction Theory (Gagne, 1962) Image courtesy of insdsg619.wikispaces.com

7. Summary It primarily emphasized that different learning outcomes originated from different instructions and particular “intellectual skills” and the series of learning has been set by studying steps (Instructional Design, n.d.). References UF. (2013). Gagne’s 9 events of instruction. Retrieved Dec 01, 2013, from http://citt.ufl.edu/tools/gagnes-9-events-of-instruction/.http://citt.ufl.edu/tools/gagnes-9-events-of-instruction/ Instructional Design. (n.d.). Conditions of learning (Robert Gagne). Retrieved Dec 01, 2013, from http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/conditions- learning.htmlhttp://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/conditions- learning.html

8. Application Image courtesy of www3.imperial.ac.ukwww3.imperial.ac.uk Students can easily learn experiment in Science Laboratory by following 9 steps of Instruction Theory.

9. Discovery Learning Theory (Bruner 1915) Image courtesy of www2.glos.ac.uk www2.glos.ac.uk

10. Summary “Discovery Learning is a method of inquiry-based instruction, discovery learning believes that it is best for learners to discover facts and relationships for themselves.” (Bruner,1915) Reference: Bruner, J. (1915). Discovery Learning. Retrieved from http://www.learning-theories.com/: http://www.learning-theories.com/discovery-learning- bruner.html

11. Application Image courtesy of www.veritasalabama.comwww.veritasalabama.com Learning process in schools, students observe, reflect, abstract and then do it experimentally. This will help them to study effectively.

12. Symbolic Interaction Theory (Crossman, 1920) Image courtesy of www.dmacc.eduwww.dmacc.edu

13. Summary Symbolic Interaction Theory (SIT) is a frame of reference for how humans create understanding through symbolic words and how those words affect human behavior (West & Turner, 2010). References: Anderson, M.L. and Taylor, H.F. (2009). Sociology: The Essentials. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. CliffsNotes.com. Three Major Perspectives in Sociology. 22 Jun 2011. http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26837.html.

14. Application Image courtesy of blogs.smithsonianmag.comblogs.smithsonianmag.com People who want to quit smoking can learn from the symbolic words on cigarette pack.

15. Economic Theory, Supply and Demand (Adam, 1776) Image courtesy of www.passionforliberty.comwww.passionforliberty.com

16. Summary The state where as supply increases the price will tend to drop or vice versa, and as demand increases the price will tend to increase or vice versa. Reference: Adam, G. (2009, 7 10). Economic Theory – Supply and Demand. Retrieved from http://www.science20.com/: http://www.science20.com/gerhard_adam/blog/economic_theory_%E2%80%93_supply_and_demand

17. Application Image courtesy of www.w8themes.comwww.w8themes.com People can understand the reason of things getting expensive because of more demand and correspondingly more supply near Christmas by using this theory.

18. References Instructional Design. (n.d.). Conditions of learning (Robert Gagne). Retrieved Dec 01, 2013, from http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/conditions-learning.html http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/conditions-learning.html UF. (2013). Gagne’s 9 events of instruction. Retrieved Dec 01, 2013, from http://citt.ufl.edu/tools/gagnes-9-events-of-instruction/. http://citt.ufl.edu/tools/gagnes-9-events-of-instruction/ Instructional Design. (n.d.). Conditions of learning (Robert Gagne). Retrieved Dec 01, 2013, from http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/conditions- learning.html http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/conditions- learning.html Bruner, J. (1915). Discovery Learning. Retrieved from http://www.learning- theories.com/: http://www.learning-theories.com/discovery-learning- bruner.htmlhttp://www.learning-http://www.learning-theories.com/discovery-learning- bruner.html

19. Anderson, M.L. and Taylor, H.F. (2009). Sociology: The Essentials. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. CliffsNotes.com. Three Major Perspectives in Sociology. 22 Jun 2011. http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId- 26957,articleId-26837.html http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId- 26957,articleId-26837.html Adam, G. (2009, 7 10). Economic Theory – Supply and Demand. Retrieved from http://www.science20.com/: http://www.science20.com/gerhard_adam/blog/economic_theo ry_%E2%80%93_supply_and_demand http://www.science20.com/gerhard_adam/blog/economic_theo