2. Collective Security Versailles (League of Nations) –Article 10 of the League Covenant… required member states “to respect and preserve against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all members of the League.” Locarno and the “Little Entente” –Intended to isolate Germany –Mutual defense treaties involving Czechoslovakia, France, Rumania, Yugoslavia –Germany invited to the League, promises status quo –“Locarno Spirit” –Kellog-Briand Pact

3. 1933 JANUARY ---Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany Enabling Act: Hitler Becomes Dictator 1934---Germany withdraws from the League of Nations 1935---Hitler enacts mandatory military service for German males Italy invades Ethiopia

4. First Crisis Italian Invasion of Ethiopia (1935) League of Nations…weak response Sanctions, sans oil Haile Selassie, emotional and eloquent plea for intervention League fails to act… collective security fails

5. Italy Invades Ethiopia 1935 Italian forces from Somalia

6. 1936 (March 7) – Germany Reoccupies the Rhineland France fails to respond with force British were equally culpable for lacking the resolve to back French Collective Security fails

7. Rhineland Response Pre-election time in France…”stopgap” government in place Foreign Minister, Flandin, favored military response French military advisors opposed any move that could result in war British Prime Minister Baldwin in response to Flandin’s pleas… “ You may be right, but if there is even one chance in a hundred that war could follow from your police operation, I have not the right to commit England… England is not in a state to go to war”

8. Spanish Civil War Violent revolt against democratically elected government Francisco Franco backed by Mussolini and Hitler German pilots and planes bomb Guernica League of Nations refuses to act, failure to recognize partisan involvement of Germany and Italy

9. Soft Construction with Boiled Beans Salvador Dali

10. 1938 I.Germany Annexes Austria---Anschluss March 1938

11. Anschluss “I have only to give an order, and in one single night all your ridiculous defense mechanisms are blown to bits. You don’t seriously believe that you can stop me or even delay me for half an hour, do you? … Don’t think for one moment that anybody on earth is going to thwart my decisions. Italy? I see eye to eye with Mussolini… And England? England will not move one finger for Austria… And France? Well three years ago we marched on the Rhineland with a handful of battalions, that was the time I risked everything. If France had stopped us then we would have had to retreat… But now, now it is too late for France.” Hitler to Kurt von Schuschnigg, February 12, 1938

12. Sudetenland Crisis 1938 Munich Conference September 1938 Collective Security Fails

13. I.Germany and the Sudetenland II.Munich Conference … September 1938

14. The “Problem” of the Sudetenland Owing to the fact that the state of Czechoslovakia was not invited to the conference, the Munich Agreement is commonly called the Munich Dictate by Czechs and Slovaks. The phrase Munich betrayal is also frequently used because military alliances between Czechoslovakia and France were not honoredCzechsSlovaksbetween Czechoslovakia and France

15. Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938 Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain

16. Poster Child for Appeasement Neville Chamberlain

17. But now a chilly wind was blowing From Europe: German strength was growing. The Versailles Treaty stripped them bare: No colonies left anywhere; The most colossal bill to pay (They borrowed from the USA); And not a single ship or plane. A most unsavoury campaign Made Hitler Chancellor, then Fuhrer He trod on treaties, and grew surer That since we wanted him Appeased He might as well do as he pleased. The Austrians, and then the Czechs, Were nations Adolf would annex: At Munich, for a year’s delay, We signed the Czech’s own lands away. James Muirden, A Rhyming History of Britain

18. The Enigma of Hitler Salvador Dali…1938

19. Winston Churchill Voice of Reason… Cassandra of the British Empire… For four hundred years the foreign policy of England has been to oppose the strongest, most aggressive, most dominating power on the Continent… Observe that the policy of England takes no account of which nation it is that seeks lordship of Europe. The question is not whether it is Spain, or the French Monarchy, or the French Empire, or the German Empire, or the Hitler regime… Therefore, it seems to me that all the old conditions present themselves again, and that our national salvation depends upon our gathering once again all the forces of Europe to contain, to restrain, and if necessary frustrate German domination.

20. Axis of Evil Failure of Collective Security