2.  Population 1790  Majority lives East of Appalachian mountains and within a few miles of ocean 1840  1/3 lives between Appalachian mountains and Mississippi River  The Sweep West Series of bursts  1790s  1791-1803  4 new states  1816-1821  6 new states  Characteristics Families Clustered near rivers Regional settlement  Society and Customs Craved sociability Rural neighbors joined together  Sports, hoedowns Clear division of labor Lack of refinement East-West tensions

4.  Far West Adventure spirit Zebulon Pike 1806 John Jacob Astor 1811 Mountain Men  Kit Carlson  Jedediah Smith  Jim Beckworth  Federal Government Promised land to enlisted men War of 1812 6 million acres of “military bounties” Led to Congress authorizing extension of National Road in 1816

5.  5 Civilized Tribes Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles  Legislation 1820s  Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi legislatures restrict natives rights  Jackson 1830 passes Indian Removal Act  Trades western public land for Indian land in East  100 million acres of Indian land for 32 million public acres  Supreme Court Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 1831  Marshall denied Cherokee claim as a republic within GA  Recognized claim to land Worchester v. Georgia 1832  legal position was a “distinct” political community entitled to Federal protection  Trail of Tears Treaty of Echota 1835 All Cherokee lands sold for $6.5 million Congress ratified 1/3 die during/after Trail of Tears

8.  Northwest Tribes Series of Treaties gave up land Two uprisings  Red Bird 1827  crushed  Blackhawk 1832  Resisted removal  Attacked by Federal and Militia troops  Led to older tribes ceded land to US

9.  Agricultural Boom Rising prices in commodities drew settlers west Demand for wheat increases Shift to non-agricultural work in NE increases demand River transportation Technological advances  1793 Cotton Gin- Eli Whitney  Risk of Market Economy No control of fluctuating distant markets Long interval between harvesting and selling crops  Farmers borrow $  Short-term debt increases and worse than expected

10.  Federal Land Policy Problems with Ordinance of 1785  Assumed farmers ban together to buy land Federalists  Encourage wealthy land speculators to buy land  Laws for min. price $2 Jefferson  Changes laws. Land Law 1800  Speculator/Squatter Preemption  Forces small farmers to buy land on credit with high interest  Forced to grow cash crops and exhaust soil  “moving frontier”  Panic of 1819 Too many bank notes issued Farmers/investors borrowed tons of $ Recession in Britain, bumper crops in Europe= less demand National Bank tightens loan policies Land speculators lose most, land prices fall Significance:  Economic damage  Bitter taste about banks  Farmers depend on distant markets  Need better transportation

12.  Weaknesses 1820 Rivers flowed North to South Roads expensive Horse-wagons limited  Steamboat 1807 Fulton’s Clermont Gibbons v. Ogden 1824  Broke up monopoly  Increased Steamboat traffic Shipping faster and cheaper Vital role in Miss-Ohio river system 1 st air pollution  Canals Erie Canal 1817-1825 Canal Frenzy  Linked Western farms to Eastern cities  Constructed by states  Three consequences  Lowers food prices in East  More immigrants move West  Stronger economic ties between West and East  Boom ended in 1830s  Railroads 1825- 1 st commercial (UK) US investment 1830s Connected non-river cities Cheaper than canals to build Built by private corporations

15.  Growth of Cities Caused by Transportation Revolution 1820-1860 Dramatic in West  Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, St. Louis  River ports, commercial hubs Completion of canals shifted boom to Great Lakes  Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago

16.  Beginnings Century behind Britain Samuel Slater 1789  1 st Cotton Mill Regional Gradual process  Causes Political  Embargo Act of 1807  Tariff 1816  NY Law 1811 Tensions in Rural Economy  NE, too much pop for land Technology  Labor saving machines  No guilds  Textile Towns in NE 1 st industrial region Why?  Recession 1808,1810  Rivers  Surplus of young women Cotton Textile Mills  Francis Cabot Lowell 1813  Lowell Mills  Upset traditional order Protests  1834, 1836  Not just against employers, but women vs. men

18.  Artisans and Workers in Mid-Atlantic Cities Manufacturing depended on outwork Industrial centers despite lack of rivers Trade Unions  As early as 1790s  Skilled vs. unskilled  Shorter workdays  Obstacles:  Immigration  State laws prohibiting Unions  Frequent economic depression  Equality and Inequality Rich and Poor  Few examples of “rags to riches”  John Jacob Astor  Most people poor  Young nation with little property  Deserving poor vs. undeserving  Immigrants  Irish Catholic Free Blacks  Deeply rooted prejudice  Restrictions in North  Response  1 st black run churches  African Methodist Episcopal Church in Philly

20.  Middling Class Most lived in middle Professionals, landowning farmers, small merchants, artisans High degree of transience and unpredictability  Social Relationships Two generalizations  Questioning authority  New foundations of authority Attack of Professions  Lawyers, Physicians, Ministers Challenge to Family Authority  Staying home vs. leaving  Free of parental supervision  Changes in marriage decisions Wives and Husbands  Separate “spheres”  Children  Raising  Birth control Horizontal Allegiances  New allegiances to social networks  Religious, philosophical  Vehicles to assert influence