1. Classical India 600 BCE-600 CE
I. Analyze how the further development of Hinduism continued to provide a bond among the people of India and an ethical code to live by
Describe core beliefs of Hinduism
Analyze how Hinduism affected India’s society and political system
Analyze how Hinduism affected gender
Analyze how Buddhism emerged and how it asserted universal truths.
Describe the origins and main ideas of Buddhism
Analyze how Buddhism affected gender roles and the caste system
Describe how Buddhism spread throughout Asia
Analyze how Buddhism changed during this spread
Describe how India became an empire and how it politically unified the territory of modern day India.
Analyze the methods of political control that the emperors in India developed. How did these build on earlier efforts of the Vedic Age?
Describe the administrative institutions that helped the Maurya and Gupta emperors organize their subjects.
Describe the role of the military and efforts by the Maurya and Gupta emperors to increase its effectiveness through road buildings, defensive walls, fortifications, and building supply lines
Describe how the Maurya and Gupta recruited soldiers
Describe how economic policies helped maintain the empire (roads, currencies, promotion of trade)
Analyze social and economic developments in classical India
Describe the role of cities in government, religion, trade
Analyze social hierarchies and the role of each social class
Describe how agriculture was organized and how the elites were rewarded for their loyalty to the state
Analyze gender relations and how patriarchy continued to influence gender relations
Describe Indian architecture and scientific contributions of classical India
Describe literature in India and how it influenced later time periods and neighboring regions.

2. The
Vedic
Age
(1500 BCE BCE)

3. Aryan Migration pastoral  depended on their cattle.
We know that they were related to OTHER Indo-European people because of their language and religious beliefs that show similarities to ancient Greek and Latin ideologies
pastoral  depended on their cattle.
warriors  horse-drawn chariots.

4. Sanskrit writing

5. Classical Indian literature: Mahabharta, Baghavad-Gita, Vedas
The Vedas
1200 BCE-600 BCE.
written in SANSKRIT.
Hindu core of beliefs:
hymns and poems.
religious prayers.
magical spells.
lists of the gods and goddesses.
Classical Indian literature: Mahabharta, Baghavad-Gita, Vedas
Rig Veda  oldest work.

6. Varna (Social Hierarchy) Pariahs [Harijan]  Untouchables
Brahmins
Kshatriyas
Vaishyas
Shudras
Pariahs [Harijan]  Untouchables

7. The Caste System WHO IS… The mouth? The arms? The legs? The feet?
Brahmins
WHO IS…
Kshatriyas
The mouth?
The arms?
The legs?
The feet?
Vaishyas
Shudras
What is a JATI?

8. The foundations for Hinduism were established.
The Vedic Age
The foundations for Hinduism were established.

9. How do Hindus worship?

10. Meditation, pilgrimage to sacred places (Ganges river)
Pray to different gods, either at shrines or in temples
Following rituals (bathing, sacrifice to a god, taking care of the statue of a god)
Worship in nature
Worship depends on jati, gender, and stage in life

11. Om in Sanskrit – Mantra. Om is a sound.

12. Man co-exists with other forms fo beings. FLOW OF ENERGY
HINDUS AND NATURE
Man co-exists with other forms fo beings. FLOW OF ENERGY

13. Pancha Rathas monolith rock-cut temple, late 7th century

14. Classical India
600 BCE – 600 CE

15. What empires were there in classical India. When did they rule
What empires were there in classical India? When did they rule? How much of India did they rule? What was the government structure like? How did they unify their diverse empire?

16. The Maurya rule ALL of India.
Maurya Empire
Chandragupta Maurya founds Maurya empire around 320 BCE
Capital Pataliputra in Ganges Valley
Asoka ( ) conquers subcontinent, converts to Buddhism
Improvements in infrastructure: building of roads, postal service, irrigation systems, common currency
Relies on centralized bureaucracy, large army, system of spies
taxation system relies on taxing farming (1/4th of harvest)
Collapse of Mauryan dynasty around 180 BCE due to too high expenses for large standing army
Jati important in keeping public order
The Maurya rule ALL of India.
COMMON CURRENCY
CHARGE FEES TO USE IRRIGATION SYSTEM
GOV. CONTROL MAKING WEAPONS
They are going to unite much of India after the death of Alexander the great

18. Kushan Empire
Kushan – Indo-Europeans, invade India late second century BCE
Control modern day Afghanistan and northern India
Control trade routes to Central Asia and Middle East
Collapses 220 CE
They are going to strongly promote the spread of the Buddhist religion.

19. The Kushan Empire (30-375)

20. Gupta Empire Founded by Chandra Gupta in 320 CE
They are going to rule the north (a much smaller area than their Mauryan predecessors.)
Gupta: taxation system, bureaucracy, road building, law codes similar to Maurya dynasty
Relies more on alliances with local rulers, tribute payments from rulers who opt not to fight Guptas
They develop the decimal system and the concept of zero.
Jati important in keeping public order
Overrun by White Huns around 550 CE

22. What was society like in classical India?
Hierarchical: varna, jati
Cut across political boundaries
Many different languages and cultures, organized by caste and jati
Not many contacts between different jati
Hardly any slavery, but not many rights for lower caste people
Land owned by villages, peasants not as dependent on land lords as in China
Influential merchant class

23. What religious changes took place in classical India ?
Asoka converts to Buddhism after bloody military campaign
Kushan rulers promote Buddhism
Promote spread of Buddhism to Central Asia, from there to East Asia
Gupta Hindu, claim to have been appointed by Hindu gods
Leads to decline of Buddhism in India

24. How did Buddhism and Hinduism change?
Early Buddhism stresses asceticism, community of monks, Buddha seen as human being, not a god
Mahayana Buddhism
Becomes popular during early centuries CE
Begins to worship Buddha as god
Boddhisatvas (enlightened beings) as examples of spiritual excellence
Spreads from India to Central Asia and East Asia
Spread assisted by Buddhist monasteries teaching the new faith, for example Nalanda near Pataliputra
Popular Hinduism
Promises salvation to everyone who follows the dharma of his/her caste
Replaces Buddhism in India

25. SPREAD OF BUDDHISM

26. Gandhara Buddha, northern India

27. Buddha at Suzhou, China

28. What does Buddhist art and architecture look like?

29. Buddhas of Bamiyan, Afghanistan

30. Shewdagon Pagoda in Yangon, Burma
6th to 10th century

31. Great Stupa at Sanchi, India established by King Asoka

32. What was the status of women in India?
Patriarchal society
Women excluded from holding official political or religious functions
Arranged marriage, limited property rights
Sati
Less rights for women under Gupta (child marriage common)
Buddhism allows women life outside family (nuns), but still patriarchal

33. What scientific advances were made under the Gupta?
Astronomy: length of solar year (Aryabhatta), identified seven planets, understood rotation of the earth
Mathematics: decimal system, concept of zero, negative numbers, square roots, value of pi
Medicine: inoculation against small pox, sterilization of wounds, hospitals

34. Merchants have high social status
What economic role did India play in the “world economy”? Who was responsible for trade?
Merchants have high social status
Merchants run governments in some coastal towns
Export of spices (pepper), steel, cotton cloth
Trading connections with Mediterranean (metals, wine, gold), China (silk), South East Asia (spices)

35. Asokan Pillar at Vaishali.

36. Asokan Pillar next to stupa from 2nd cent. BCE

37. Gold coin of Kushan emperor Kanishka I
Gold coin of Kushan emperor Kanishka I. with a depiction of the Buddha and inscription in Greek script.

38. Examples of Greco-Buddhist Art
Buddhist Gods Panchika and Hariti 3rd century CE (Kushan Period)

39. Standing Buddha, 1st century CE

40. Statue of Hermes, a Greek god

41. Pancha Rathas monolith rock-cut temple, late 7th century

42. Ajanta Caves

43. Shrine with Statue of Buddha

44. Court Scene