1. Higher Population

2. Topic two: Population Census
Counting the People

3. Counting the people Nearly all countries produce demographic data
Counting people is expensive and time consuming
Information is vital for planning resources, education, employment, housing and other Government services

4. Methods of counting Vital registration Census
Sample Survey (10% of the population)

5. Civil Registration

6. Death certificate

7. Benefits and problems of vital registration
Regularly updated
Population monitored at local level
No account for migration

8. Census A ten yearly count of all the people in a country
The most accurate method of population count
Records a variety of social, health and economic information

9. Problems with Census Very expensive and time consuming
Low literacy in Developing Countries means extra enumerators
Difficult terrain and poor communications

10. Problems with census Different Languages Political instability
Migration
War
Distrust of what figures are used for.

11. Examples Nomads in the Sahara cross borders
India’s 1 billion people speak 15 languages. India required 1.7 million enumerators in 1991
Illegal immigrants, I.e Mexicans in USA
Ethnic tensions I.e Nigeria had rivalry between North and South
China has one child policy- females not registered
Rural – urban migration I.e. 300 families migrate into Mumbai (Bombay) daily

12. Topic three: Population Change
BBC Video
Global population growth
At present, the world's population is growing fast - though this has not always been the case.
Until the 1800s the world's population grew steadily but slowly for thousands of years.
In 1820 the world's population reached one billion.
150 years later, in the early 1970s, the world's population reached three billion.
In 1999, less than 30 years later, the population doubled to six billion.
The global rate of population growth is now very fast (rising by about one billion every 15 years).

14. The population of any place changes over time
The population of any place changes over time. There are three main causes of population change:
Births - usually measured using the birth rate (number of live births per 1000 of the population)
Deaths - usually measured using the death rate (number of deaths per 1000 of the population)
Migration - the movement of people in and out of an area

15. Rate of change
Births and deaths are natural causes of population change. The difference between the birth rate and the death rate of a country or place is called the natural increase, and you calculate the natural increase by subtracting the death rate per 1000 population from the birth rate per 1000 population: natural increase = birth rate - death rate.
The rate of natural increase or growth rate of a population is given as a percentage, calculated by dividing the natural increase by If for example the birth rate / 1000 pop = 14, and the death rate / 1000 pop = 8, then growth rate = = 6 / 1000, or 0.6%.

16. EMDCs
Have a look at the birth and death rates for Bulgaria. The birth rate is 9/1000 and death rate is 14/1000. The birth rate is less than the death rate which gives Bulgaria a declining population.
Now look at the figures for South Africa. The birth rate is 25/1000 and death rate is 15/1000. South Africa has an increasing population with a population-growth rate of 1.
ELDCs

17. Topic four: Demographic Transition Model
Intro Video
Topic four: Demographic Transition Model
Web link

18. The demographic transition model shows population change over time
The demographic transition model shows population change over time. The model studies how birth rate and death rate affect the total population of a country. It is divided into four stages:
Stage one - the total population is low but it is balanced due to high birth rates and high death rates.
Stage two - the total population is starting to rise as death rates start to fall, but birth rates remain quite high.
Stage three - the total population is still rising rapidly, but the gap between birth and death rates narrows. Now the natural increase is high.
Stage four - the total population is high, but it is balanced due to a low birth rate and a low death rate.

19. Topic five: Implications of Population change
As we have seen already different parts of
the world have wide variations in population.
Throughout history the population of states
has varied for many different reasons.
Population change is highly dynamic, and
depends on changes in fertility, mortality and
migration.

20. Components of Population Change
Fertility and mortality

21. Components of Population Change+ +
Immigrants
Births
Total population
Deaths
Emigrants

22. Changes
Natural Change : Natural increase when births exceed deaths, Natural Decrease when deaths exceed births
Migration : Movement of people

23. Fertility and mortality
Birth rate = No of births per thousand people
Death rate = No of deaths per thousand people
These figures allow comparison between countries

24. Fertility Rates Children are used as workers
Children can look after old relatives
High child mortality rate
Social and religious reasons

25. How can governments influence population change?
Various governments have attempted to influence population change by adopting pro-natalist policies or anti-natalist policies

26. Pro-Natalist (AIM: To increase in BR)
Promoted before
World War Two by
states such as Italy,
France and Germany,
partly to compensate for
the loss of many solders
and civilians during
World War one and also
for economic and military
reasons.
Nazi Germany is an extreme example
of a pro-natalist policy.
The Nazi regime suppressed information
regarding contraception.
Taxed unmarried couples.
Prosecuted people for having abortions

27. Anti-Natalist Policy (AIM: to reduce the BR)
China launched its one child policy in 1979.
Women where forced to have abortions
Massive contraception campaigns where waged
Early marriages where discouraged
Food and clothing rations were withheld.
“Little Emperors”
Many baby girls
are abandoned in
orphanages

28. Topic six: Population Pyramids
Be able to describe and explain the population of a country

29. The population pyramid displays the age
POPULATION STRUCTURE
The population pyramid displays the age
and sex structure of a country or given area
OLD DEPENDANTS
ECONOMICALLY
ACTIVE
YOUNG
DEPENDANTS
Population in
Five Year
Age bands
FEMALES
To the right
MALES
To the left
Usually, but not always,
In % to make for easier
comparisons
between countries

30. What Population Pyramids Show Us
KEY
Economically
More
Developed
Country
Economically
Less
Developed
Country
slope of pyramid indicate the death rate
width of the base is related to birth rate/fertility rate
proportions of men and women can suggest male or female migrations
height of graph can indicate life expectancy (ignore the very thin end of the wedge as occurs on graph B as these people are a definite minority)
"kinks" indicate dramatic reductions in birth rate or increases in death rate in the past
area of graph indicates total population - compare areas of different population age groups or different sex on one graph
The overall shape of the population pyramid can indicate whether it is an
Economically More Developed Country or Economically Less Developed Country

31. Population Pyramids related to the Demographic Transition Model
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
IMPLICATIONS
Both birth rates and
Death rates are
High, so population
growth rates are
slow but population
Is usually restored
Due to high birth
Rate. Short life
Expectancy
EXAMPLES
Population starts
to grow at an
exponential rate due to fall in Crude Death Rate. More living In middle age.
Life expectancy rises
Infant mortality rate falls.
EXAMPLES
Population continues
to grow but at slower
rate. Low C Death Rate.
Dramatically declining
Crude Birth Rate.
EXAMPLES
Low Crude Birth Rate
and Crude Death Rate
Higher dependancy ratio
and longer life expectancy
Crude Death Rate does
Rise slightly because of
The ageing population
EXAMPLES
Scotland today.
Japan, USA
Scotland before 1760
New Guinea
Remote parts of
Amazonia
Scotland
Algeria, Tunisia
Morocco
Scotland
Republic of Congo
There is some merit in including or considering
a Stage 5 today with a declining population

32. Developing Country
World Population pyramids

33. Developed Population Structure
Narrow base, low birth rate, birth control
Constant Width, low infant mortality
Doesn’t narrow until age 70, high life expectancy

34. Developing Population Structure
Wide base, high birth rate
Narrows quickly, high infant mortality
Narrow above 50, low life expectancy

35. Migration
The movement of people

36. Push Pull War Soil Erosion Education and healthcare Famine
Bright lights
Drought, floods or other natural disasters
Jobs
Climate
New Opportunity
Unemployment

37. Reasons for migrations
Political
Social
Economic
Environmental

38. Voluntary or Forced
A voluntary migration involves people wanting to go I.e. migrants leaving U.K for Australia or Turks going to work in Germany
These are usually due to economic and social factors

39. Comparison of standard of living in Turkey and Germany
GNP £134 per capita
5% employed in manufacturing
230 per 1000 infant mortality
Natural increase 27%
GNP £891 per capita
35% employed in manufacturing
50 per 1000 infant mortality
Natural increase 6%

40. Voluntary Migration, Turks to Germany, Push Factors
Difficult hot climate
Unemployment largely due to
mechanisation
Low wages
Natural Disasters (Earthquakes)
Poverty, most farming on steep
Slopes with poor soil
Mainly males of working age migrated

41. Voluntary Migration, Turks to Germany, Pull Factors
High Wages
Education
Political Stability
Job Prospects

42. Effects on Germany Positive Negative Gastarbeiters did menial jobs
Solved employment shortages
Enriched culture
Negative
Discrimination
Language difficulties
Housing shortages
Difficult to repatriate

43. Effects on Turkey Positive Negative Relieved unemployment
Foreign Currency
New Skills
Less crowding
Negative
Brain Drain
Lack of male workers
Social Problems
Damaged Turkish Economy

44. Forced Migrations
People are forced to leave an area often on fear of death
Slavery
War in Kosovo, Rwanda and Bosnia I.e. Ethnic Cleansing. Jews in Nazi Germany
Famine in Ethiopia
Political Refugees, People having to flee a country because of political beliefs : Zimbabwe

45. Forced Migration
Major forced migrations in the 1980s and 1990s are Rwanda, Afghanistan, Bosnia, Kosovo and Chechnya. And more recenlty from Dafur in Sudan and Iraq and Afghanistan
UNHCR estimated 21 million in 2007
A refugee is defined as “someone who has a well founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion or political belief”

46. Refugees Mixed migration I.e. not age or sex selective
Refugees experience loss of relatives and property and experience hostility in receiving country

47. Consequences of migration
                                            
Refugees can add to local problems such as food shortage. They can bring disease
Resentment from locals
Environmental problems caused by influx of people

48. Answer these questions
What is the difference between voluntary and forced migration
For a named example of each describe the push and the pull factors
For each example describe the effects on the donor and the host country.
Explain why migrants often do not want to leave their new country.