2. 1 PART IV: SOCIAL CONTEXT

3. 2 INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL CONTEXT Examples of context Macro- and micro-context Dynamics between context and other units What is ‘environment’? Examples of macro-context Three types of micro-context

4. 3 Inner, private, subjective Outer, public, objective StableVariable 3. Traits & Temperament e.g. extraversion Major theorists: Jung, Eysenck, Gray 1. Motivation e.g. motives, defenses, psychic structure Major theorists: Freud, McClelland 4. Social Context e.g., culture, ethnicity, power, gender Major theorists: Mischel, Triandis 2. Cognition & Self e.g. self-concept, beliefs, goals Major theorists: Rogers, Mischel PERSONALITY UNITS AND COURSE STRUCTURE

5. 4 Virginia Woolf on how she was influenced by her mother: Until I was in the forties... The presence of my mother obsessed me. I could hear her voice, see her, imagine what she would do or say as I went about my day’s doings. She was one of the invisible presences who after all play so important a part in every life.... Consider what immense forces society brings to play upon each of us, how that society changes from decade to decade; and also from class to class; well, if we cannot analyze these invisible presences, we know very little of [any person about whom we write].

6. 5 Other examples of social context:

7. 6 Two Types of Contexts Microcontexts: Immediate features of the present situation; past and present learning and reinforcement history. (E.g. responses and habits) Little Albert and Bobo doll experiments. Macrocontexts: Large-scale, complex, and enduring patterns of environments. (E.g. gender, social class, religion, race, processes of social identity and influence) Internment of Japanese Americans during WWII and gender

8. 7 MICRO-CONTEXT MACRO-CONTEXT (e.g., gender, SES, power, race, culture) MICRO-CONTEXT immediate features of the environment (e.g., physical and subjective features of situation, emotional states, group pressure, etc.)

9. 8 Person Environment Shapes Personality, Personality Shapes Environment Self & Cognition Motives Traits Environment Author: O. Schultheiss

10. 9 What Exactly is “The Environment”? Physical: Climate, geographic region, food supply, etc. Micro & Macro Social: Family, friends, partner, teachers, etc. Micro Culture: TV, books, music, magazines, language, etc. Macro History: Wars, economic changes, inventions, etc. Macro Author: O. Schultheiss

11. 10 Illustrations of the Macrocontext: 1. Internment of Japanese Americans Social context: War against Japan, racism & prejudice Internment of Japanese Americans: Loss of dignity, possessions, role of “outsider”, “enemy” Some consequences: Lowered self-esteem, sense of shame; repression, denial (Effects on motives, traits unknown) Next generation: Disidentification with American culture, increased power motivation Author: O. Schultheiss

12. 11 Illustrations of the Macro context: 2. Children of Holocaust Survivors Social context: anti-Semitism, Hitler Internment of Jews in concentration camps: Loss of dignity, possessions; certain death Some consequences: Helplessness, traumatization, depression, guilt (survivors guilt), but also reactance Next generation: Increased need for power, enhanced sense of Jewish identity Author: O. Schultheiss

13. 12 Classical/ Pavlovian conditioning: Little Albert Transference Instrumental/ Operant conditioning: Reward & punishment Observational learning: “Bobo doll” study Violent crime increase in 60s The Microcontext: Some Examples of Immediate, Direct Influences Author: O. Schultheiss

14. 13 Forms of Operant Conditioning: a.Positive Reinforcement: give a reward to continue desired behavior b.Negative Reinforcement: take away an unpleasant stimulus to encourage a desired behavior. Note: Both positive and negative reinforcement strengthen behavior. c. Punishment (Time-Out & Extinction): giving an unpleasant consequences to decrease an undesired behavior.

15. 14 How Macrocontexts and Microcontexts Interlock: Macrocontext MicrocontextPersonality