4. Australia Type of Government: –Federal Parliamentary Democracy Leader(s): Head of State- Queen Elizabeth II Tony Abbott As of 9/2013Prime Minister- Tony Abbott As of 9/2013 Political Parties (2 party) –ALP (Australia Labor Party) –LP (Liberal Party) Official language: – English Religion: –Protestant 28.8%, Catholic 25.3%, E. Orthodox 2.6% Ethnicity: –White- 92%, Asian- 7%, Aboriginal or Other- 1% Currency: –Australian dollar Independence: –1901 UK Colonization: –‘Discovered by Captain Cook in 1770 –First colony (penal colony) 1788 –Gold discovered in mid 1900’s

6. News Items Environmental Concerns possums possums –Reefs, possums, droughts…possums new info new info –IPCC new info for OZnew info Aborigines –‘White Australia” –‘White Australia” (official policy from 1901- 50’s. favored immigration from UK to Aborigines Strong economy –Orientation Asia (China) rather than West… Regional Police Force!!! –Australia withdraws Afghanistan Troops! –Population growth –Restricting immigration? Islam Aboriginal Art Great Barrier Reef… Destroyed by 2050? Destroyed by 2050? Lost Generation Lost Generation Population growth– Restricting immigration h2o h2o Perth- h2o h2o Jail

7. New Zealand Type of Government: –Parliamentary Democracy Leaders –Chief of State: Queen Elizabeth II –Prime Minister: John Key- National Party (NP) Political Parties –MULTIPARTY: including NP, Maori Party Official Language –English, Maori, and Sign Language Ethnicity –71.2% European –14.1% Maori –11.3% Asian Religion –Christian 44.3%, Hindu 2.1%, Buddhist 1.4%, Maori Christian 1.3%, Islam 1.1% Currency –New Zealand Dollar Independence –1907 from UK Colonization Two different versions Two different versions –Treaty of Waitangi 1840: founding document in NZ history. Two different versions?Two different versions –Sparked land wars between Europeans and Maori Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi

8. News Items Alternate Energy Sources –Hydroelectric & Geothermal –70% renewable electricity. –By 2060, Key pledges to reduce GHG emissions by 50% –1980’s US Nuke beef  2008 Free Trade Agreement with China Kiwi! Maori VS Aborigine Arapuni: North Island Benmore: South Island Marae

9. Haka KA MATE! We're going to die! We're going to die! We were at war KA ORA, KA ORA! We're going to live! We're going to live! But now there is peace. KA MATE! KA MATE! We're going to die! We're going to die! We thought we were all going to die KA ORA, KA ORA! We're going to live! We're going to live! but now we are safe TENEI TE TANGATA PU'RU-HURU This is the man, so hairy because our leader, so strong and masculine, NA'A NEI TIKI MAI WHAKA-WHITI TE who fetched, and made shine the has unified us and brought back the sunny days of RA! UPANE! KA UPANE! sun! Together! All together... ! peace. We are all working in harmony, side by side, A UPANE! KA UPANE! Together! All together... ! moving in unison like the hairs on our chief's legs WHITI TE RA! To sun shines! to prolong these sunny days of peace. HI ! Yeah!

10. Papua New Guinea Type of Government –Constitutional Parliamentary Democracy Leader(s) –Chief of State: Queen Elizabeth II –PM Peter Paire O'NEILL (Aug 2012) Political Parties –Multiparty: People’s National Congress Official Language –Tok Pisin (Creole Language) –English –Hiri Motu (1%) (Roughly 700 indigenous languages) Religion –Mostly Christian Currency –Kina Independence –From Germany (L) / UK (R) to Australia in 1902 –Independence in 1975

11. Word Worm Polygot –Competent in Many Languages Lingua franca –Language used for Convenience and Communication Creole Language –A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable language that originated from a mixture of various languages

12. News Stories World’s most diverse country –Language –Tribes –Infrastructure 80% of people live in rural homes without modern amenities Minerals and Oil that cannot be mined! Separatist movement in Papua (Indonesia) –Papua New Guinea does NOT want to be a part! Separatist rebellion on island of Bougainville was finally resolved with election of first autonomous government in 2005 –1989-1997, 20,000 dead rise rise (CIA Factbook)Papua New Guinea has one of the highest incidences of HIV and AIDS in the Pacific region rise! (CIA Factbook)(CIA Factbookrise(CIA Factbook Poor Human Rights Record: Papua New Guinea is a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor Relationship with Australia! –Australia has been a major supplier of aid –relies on assistance from Australia to keep out illegal cross- border activities from primarily Indonesia, including goods smuggling, illegal narcotics trafficking, and squatters and secessionists provided peace-keeping forces

14. Fiji GovernmentGovernment –Republic Leader(s)Leader(s) Epeli Nailatikau –President: Epeli Nailatikau(since July 2009); -Note: Laisenia QARASE is still the legal prime minister, he has been confined to his home island; "Frank" BAINIMARAMA coup –Interim PM: Commodore "Frank" BAINIMARAMA is interim prime minister under military regime (since coup in Dec 2006) Political PartyPolitical Party –DOMINANT PARTY: Social Democratic Labor Party (took over in coup) Official LanguageOfficial Language –Fijian and English –Hindustani also spoken EthnicityEthnicity –57.3% Fijian/ 37.6% Indian Indo-Fijians: Ethnic Indians brought to Fiji by the UK Indigenous Fijians- Ethnic Fijian Polynesians ReligionReligion –64.5% Christian/ 27.9% Hindu/ 6.3% Muslim CurrencyCurrency –Fijian Dollar IndependenceIndependence –1970 from UK And the coups???And the coups???coups

15. Intergovernmental organization founded in 1931 –53 states Fiji is suspended Zimbabwe left in 2003 The Gambia left in 2013 –All but 1 country is a former British Colonies. That former Portuguese colony?: Mozambique What do they do? –Coalition that promotes peace, democracy, charity, trade, Commonwealth games Facts! –94% live in Asia and Africa –Largest Countries India Pakistan Nigeria Bangladesh UK South Africa –Smallest Country Tuvalu

17. Fiji’s History coup1987 (MAY): Bloodless coup by General Rabuka to overthrow the Indian dominated Government and make ethnic Fijians politically dominant. 2 nd coup!commonwealth of Nations1987 (OCT): 2 nd coup! Fiji declared a Republic, expelled from commonwealth of Nationscommonwealth of Nationscommonwealth of Nations 1989: Thousands of ethnic Indians Flee! discriminatory1990: New constitution- discriminatory against ethnic Indians… NON-discriminatory1997: New constitution- NON-discriminatory against ethnic Indians 1999: Ethnic Indian Chaudry elected Prime Minister Civilian Coup!2000: Civilian Coup! –New PM held hostage by ethnic Fijian businessman George Speight. Ethnic Fijians storm Parliament Held hostage for 56 days… 2001 (AUG): Elections restore democracy. New PM- Fijian Laisenia Qarase. Speight first pardoned, now life in prison RACIAL TENSIONSRACIAL TENSIONS Frank Bainimarama Frank Bainimarama2006 (OCT): Tensions between PM Qarase and military chief Frank BainimaramaFrank Bainimarama Military coup!2006 (DEC): Military coup! Bainimarama takes executive power, puts PM Qarase under island arrest. Fiji suspended from the Commonwealth. SUSPENDS CONSTITUTION!!!SUSPENDS CONSTITUTION!!!SUSPENDS CONSTITUTION!!!SUSPENDS CONSTITUTION!!! –2009: Fiji's Appeal Court in April 2009 to declare the military government illegal Constitution suspended and Commodore Bainimarama reappointed as interim prime minister for a further five years. MILITARY GRIP 2009 (JULY): Hereditary Chief Epeli Nailatikau appointed President. Supports Bainimarama. Coup In Pictures Coup