2. Revived best features of medieval Catholicism and adjusted them Revival of mysticism – St. Theresa of Avila Revival of monasticism – old and new orders Capuchins Theatines Ursulines

3. Jesuits became the chief instrument of the Catholic Reformation Founded by Ignatius of Loyola Spanish nobleman Injured in battle; experienced religious torment; submitted his will to the will of the Church – unlike Luther Soldier of God – The Spiritual Exercises

4. Society of Jesus recognized by papal bull in 1540 Order grounded on 4 principles: 1) Absolute obedience to papacy 2) Strict hierarchical order for the Society 3) Use of education to achieve goals 4) Dedication to engage in “conflict for God”

5. 1) Established highly disciplined schools education crucial to combating Protestantism 2) Propagation of the Catholic faith among non-Christians Francis Xavier in the East Matteo Ricci in China 3) Fight Protestantism Successful in parts of Germany and eastern Europe Major Activities of the Jesuits

6. Protestant Reformation jolted the papacy Pope Paul III appointed reform cardinals: Contarini and Caraffa appointed reform committee to study church Colloguy in Regensburg – 1541 Pope Paul IV (Cardinal Caraffa) increased power of Inquisition created index of Forbidden Books

7. Called by Pope Paul III Three major sessions 1545 – 1563 Final doctrine reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings 1) Scripture and tradition affirmed as equal authorities in religious matters 2) Both faith and good works necessary for salvation 3) Seven sacraments confirmed 4) Transubstantiation confirmed 5) Clerical celibacy confirmed 6) Purgatory and indulgences confirmed; but hawking forbidden