1. A World in Flames
Chapter 11
WWII

2. Would you support or oppose U. S
Would you support or oppose U.S. involvement in a conflict between other countries if it might result in a world war?

3. America and the World (Chapter 11 Section 1)
The Rise of Dictators – 2 things contributed
The treaty that ended WWI
& the economic depression
contributed to the rise of dictatorships in Europe and Asia

4. Italy (1919) – Benito Mussolini
Founder of Italy’s Fascist party
Fascism – kind of aggressive nationalism
Fascists believed that the nation was more important then the individual
That a nation became great by expanding its territory and building its military
Fascists were anti-Communists
Backed by a militia known as Blackshirts, Mussolini became the premier of Italy and set up a dictatorship

6. Bolshevik Party (1917) – Vladimir Lenin
Set up Communist governments throughout the Russian empire
The Russian territories were renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1922
The Communists set up a one-party rule
Joseph Stalin became the new Soviet dictator in 1926
1927 Stalin began a massive effort to industrialize the country
Millions of peasants who resisted the Communist policies were killed

7. Vladimir Lenin

8. Bolshevik Party Flag

9. USSR Flag in 1922

10. Joseph Stalin

11. Rise of new political parties in Germany
Started after WWI due to political & economic chaos
The Nazi Party was nationalistic & anti-Communist
Adolf Hitler called for the unification of all Germans under one government
He believed certain Germans were part of a “master race” destined to rule the world
He wanted Eastern Europeans enslaved
He felt Jews were responsible for many of the world’s problems
1933 Hitler was appointed prime minister of Germany
Storm troopers intimidated voters into giving Hitler dictatorial powers

12. Nazi Rally at Nurnberg, Germany

13. Rally at Nurnberg, Germany

16. Leader of the Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler
Leader of the Nazi Party

17. The military took control of Japan
Difficult economic times in Japan after WWI undermined the country’s political system
The Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923
The world wide depression of 1929
Many Japanese officers and civilians wanted to seize territory to gain needed resources
1931 the Japanese army, without the government’s permission, invaded the resource-rich Chinese province of Manchuria
The military took control of Japan

18. The Great Kanto Earthquake

19. On September 1, 1923, one of the worst earthquakes in world history hit the Kanto plain and destroyed Tokyo, Yokohama and the surroundings. About 140,000 people fell victim to this earthquake and the fires caused by it.

30. America Turns to Neutrality
Americans support isolationism
Due to the following events Americans wanted to avoid international commitments
Rise of dictatorships in Europe and Asia after WWI
Refusal of European countries to repay war debts owed to the U.S. due to the Great depression
Nye Committee findings that arms factories made huge profits
Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1935
making it illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at war

31. President Franklin D. Roosevelt supported internationalism
Neutrality Act of 1937
continued the ban of selling arms to countries at war
Required warring countries to buy nonmilitary supplies from the U.S. on a “cash and carry” basis
President Franklin D. Roosevelt supported internationalism
Internationalists believe that trade between nations creates prosperity and helps to prevent war

32. Japan aligned itself with Germany and Italy
These three countries became known as the Axis Powers
After Japan launched a full-scale attack on China in 1937
Roosevelt authorized the sale of weapons to China, saying that the Neutrality Act of 1937 did not apply, since neither China nor Japan had actually declared war.

33. World War II Begins (Chapter 11 Section 2)
“Peace in our Time”
February 1938, Adolf Hitler threatened to invade Austria
Unless Austrian Nazis were given important government posts
March 1938, Hitler announced the Anschluss, or unification, of Austria and Germany
Hitler claimed the Sudetenland, an area of Czechoslovakia with a large German-speaking population
Czechs strongly resisted Germany’s demand for the Sudetenland

34. Munich Conference on September 29, 1938
France, the Soviet Union, and Britain threatened to fight Germany if it attacked Czechoslovakia
Munich Conference on September 29, 1938
Britain and France hoping to prevent another war, agreed to Hitler’s demands in a policy known as appeasement

35. March 1939, Germany sent troops into Czechoslovakia
Bringing the Czech lands under German control
Hitler demanded the return of Danzig – Poland’s Baltic Sea port
He also wanted a highway and railroad across the Polish Corridor
These demands convinced the British and French that appeasement had failed

36. In May 1939, Hitler ordered the invasion of Poland by the German army
August 23, 1939, Germany and the USSR signed a nonaggression treaty, with a secret agreement to divide Poland

37. The War Begins On September 1, 1939 On September 3
Germany and the USSR invaded Poland
On September 3
Britain and France declared war on Germany
Starting World War II
The Germans used a blitzkrieg, lightening war, to attack Poland
The Polish Army was defeated by October 5

39. April 9, 1940 German Army attacked Norway and Denmark
Within a month, Germany overtook both countries

40. After WWI
the French built a line of concrete bunkers and fortifications called the Maginot Line along the German border
When Hitler decided to attack France, he went around the Maginot Line
By invading the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg
The French and British forces quickly went into Belgium
Becoming trapped there by German forces

41. By June 4, 1940
About 338,000 British and French troops had evacuated Belgium
Through the French port of Dunkirk and across the English Channel
Using ships of all sizes
June 22, 1940
France surrendered to the Germans
Germany installed a puppet government in France

43. Britain Remains Defiant
Hitler thought that Britain would negotiate peace after France surrendered
He did not anticipate the bravery of the British people and their prime minister, Winston Churchill
June 4th, 1940
Churchill delivered a defiant speech that rallied the British people and alerted the U.S. to Britain’s plight

44. Prime Minister of Britain Winston Churchill

45. Winston Churchill talks with Alex Henshaw He was one of the great aviation pioneers, air race master, and with a record-breaking trip from the UK to Cape Town and back. Alex was renowned as the chief test pilot for Vickers-Armstrong at the Castle Bromwich aircraft factory, and a master display pilot of the immortal Spitfire.

46. The Royal Air Force was greatly outnumbered by the Luftwaffe
To invade Britain
Germany had to defeat the British air force
In the Battle of Britain
The German air force, the Luftwaffe, launched an all-out air battle to destroy the British Royal Air Force
After German bombers bombed London
The British responded by bombing Berlin, Germany
The Royal Air Force was greatly outnumbered by the Luftwaffe
BUT the British had radar stations and were able to detect incoming German aircraft and direct British fighters to intercept them

47. The Holocaust (Chapter 11 Section 3)
Nazi Persecution of the Jews
The Nazis killed nearly 6 million Jews and millions of other people during the Holocaust
Holocaust – The Hebrew term for the Nazi campaign to exterminate the Jews before and during WWII in Shoah
The Nazis persecuted anyone who opposed them
The Disabled
Gypsies
Homosexuals
And Slovic people
Their strongest hatred was at the Jews

48. Picture from the Holocaust Museum

50. Auschwitz-Birkenau
"Work will set you free."

51. In September 1935 The Nuremburg Laws
took citizenship away from Jewish Germans
Banned marriage between Jews and other Germans
German Jews were deprived of many rights that citizens of Germany had long held
The Nuremberg Laws define a "Jew" as someone with three or four Jewish grandparents.
By 1936 at least half of Germany’s Jews were jobless

52. Jews were required to carry identity cards, but the government added special identifying marks to theirs: a red "J" stamped on them and new middle names for all those Jews who did not possess recognizably "Jewish" first names -- "Israel" for males, "Sara" for females. Such cards allowed the police to identify Jews easily.

54. Anti-Jewish violence erupted throughout Germany and Austria on November 9th, 1938
Known as Kristallnacht, or “night of broken glass”
Ninety Jews died
Hundreds badly injured
Thousands of Jewish businesses were destroyed
And over 180 synagogues were wrecked

55. Roll call for newly arrived prisoners, mostly Jews arrested during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"), at the Buchenwald concentration camp. Buchenwald, Germany, 1938.

56. Between 1933 and the beginning of WWII in 1939
About 350,000 Jews escaped Nazi-controlled Germany
Many of them emigrated to the U.S.
Millions of Jews remained trapped in Nazi-dominated Europe because they could not get visas to the U.S. or to other countries

57. The Final Solution
On January 20, 1942, Nazi leaders met at the Wannsee Conference to decide the “final solution” of the Jews and other “undesirables”
The plan was to round up Jews and other “undesirables” from Nazi-controlled Europe and take them to concentration camps
Concentration camps were detention centers where healthy individuals worked as slave laborers
The elderly, the sick, and the young children were sent to extermination camps to be killed in large gas chambers

58. Interview
Woman's Interview

59. After WWII began
Nazis built concentration camps throughout Europe
Extermination camps were built in many of the concentration camps, mostly in Poland
Thousands of people were killed each day at these camps
In only a few years, Jewish culture had been virtually obliterated by the Nazis in the lands they conquered

60. America Enters the War (Chapter 11 section 4)
FDR Supports England
Two days after Britain and France declared war against Germany
President Roosevelt declared the U.S. neutral
The Neutrality Act of 1939
allowed warring countries to buy weapons from the U.S. as long as they paid cash and carried the arms away on their own ships

61. The Isolationist Debate
President Roosevelt used a loophole in the Neutrality Act of 1939
Sent 50 American destroyers to Britain
in exchange for the right to build American bases
on British-controlled Newfoundland, Bermuda, and Caribbean Islands
The Isolationist Debate
After the German invasion of France and the rescue of Allied forces at Dunkirk
American public opinion changed to favor limited aid to the Allies

62. The America First Committee opposed any American intervention or aid to the Allies
President Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented third term as president in the election of 1940
Both Roosevelt and the Republican candidate, Wendall Willkie
Said they would keep the U.S. neutral but assist the Allied forces
Roosevelt won by a large margin

63. Edging Toward War President Roosevelt proposed the Lend-Lease Act
Which stated that the U.S. could lend or lease arms to any country considered “vital to the defense of the U.S.”
Congress passed the act by a wide margin
June 1941, in violation of the Nazi-Soviet Pact
Hitler began a massive invasion of the Soviet Union

64. President Roosevelt developed the hemispheric defense zone
Which declared the entire western half of the Atlantic as part of the Western Hemisphere and therefore neutral
This allowed Roosevelt to order the U.S. Navy to patrol the western Atlantic Ocean
And reveal the location of German submarines to the British

65. After a German U-boat fired on the American destroyer Greer
August 1941, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill agreed to the Atlantic Charter
This agreement committed the two leaders to a postwar world of democracy, nonaggression, free trade, economic development, and freedom of the seas
After a German U-boat fired on the American destroyer Greer
Roosevelt ordered American ships to follow a “shoot-on-sight” policy toward German submarines
Germans torpedoed and sank the American destroyer Reuben James in the North Atlantic

66. Japan Attacks the United States
Roosevelt’s primary goal between August 1939 and December 1941 was to help Britain and its allies defeat Germany
When Britain began moving its warships from Southeast Asia to the Atlantic, Roosevelt introduced policies to discourage the Japanese from attacking the British Empire

67. In July 1940, Congress passed the Export Control Act
Giving Roosevelt the power to restrict the sale of strategic materials to other countries
Strategic materials – materials important for fighting a war
Roosevelt immediately blocked the sale of airplane fuel and scrap iron to Japan
The Japanese signed an alliance with Germany and Italy

68. The Japanese decided to attack
By July 1941, Japanese aircraft posed a direct threat to the British empire
Roosevelt responded to the threat by freezing all Japanese assets in the U.S. and reducing the amount of oil shipped to Japan
He also sent General McArthur to the Philippines to build up American defenses there
The Japanese decided to attack
resource-rich British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia
Seize the Philippines
And attack Pearl Harbor

69. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941
Sinking or damaging 21 ships of the U.S. Pacific Fleet
Killing 2,403 Americans and injuring hundreds more
The next day, President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan
On December 11th, 1941
Japan’s Allies – Germany and Italy – declared war on the United States