1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Concentrations T.J. Blasing … … with a lot of help from many data contributors. September 27, 2010 Presented to the CDIAC User Working Group

2. Part 1: Greenhouse Gas Concentrations Evolving user data base CO 2, CH 4, Isotopes, Other Gases, Aerosols, Historical Records Suggestions Part 2. Greenhouse Gas Emissions CO 2, CH 4, Isotopes, Historical Records, Applications

3. THEN (Early Years of CDIAC) Vaguely defined user base, mostly researchers We were “only game in town” for many data storage/retrieval applications and documentation. Less spatial/temporal coverage and less gases to worry about NOW: More sophisticated researcher user base More user base in the general public Data providers have sophisticated data storage/retrieval applications and documentation. Extended spatial/temporal coverage and more gases to worry about RESULT IS THAT DATA WILL BE SUMMARIZED DIFFERENTLY. Evolving user base CO 2 CH 4 Isotopes Other Gases Aerosols Historical Records Suggestions

4. Less Presentation on CDIAC Site; More Linking More current More complete coverage of variables (e.g., isotopes) Archiving Data storage, retrieval, and documentation More sophisticated researcher user base, More user base in the general public Different kinds of value-added products Shorter, more general summaries Evolving user base CO 2 CH 4 Isotopes Other Gases Aerosols Historical Records Suggestions

8. ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/ch4/flask/month /

9. Evolving user base CO 2 CH 4 Isotopes Other Gases Aerosols Historical Records Suggestions

10. Problems with Isotope Data: Limited Temporal Coverage (Thru 2007) Error terms Evolving user base CO 2 CH 4 Isotopes Other Gases Aerosols Historical Records Suggestions

11. July 2010 AGAGE data on ozone depleting substances and trace greenhouse gasesAGAGE data on ozone depleting substances and trace greenhouse gases have been updated through September 2009. Methyl bromide (CH 3 Br) files have been brought up to date, and one new hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) species and three perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have been added. The added species are: HFC-23 (Trifluoromethane) (CHF 3 ) is a radiatively active (greenhouse) gas with a 100-year global warming potential (GWP) of 14,800. It is a byproduct of the manufacture of HFC-22 which is used as a refrigerant, foam blowing agent, and as a chemical feedstock. HFC-22 is an ozone depleting species and is therefore being phased out of production. PFC-116 Hexafluoroethane (C 2 F 6 ) is a greenhouse gas with an atmospheric lifetime of 10,000 years and a 100 year GWP of 12,200. PFC-118 (perfluoropropane) (C 3 F 8 ). is a greenhouse gas with an atmospheric lifetime of 2,600 years and a 100year GWP of 8830. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are used mainly in the electronics sector in semiconductor manufacture, as they can be used for selective etching of silicon compounds. They are used primarily as refrigerants [mainly in blends with HFCs and hydrochlorofluorcarbons (HCFCs)]. They are also used as environmental tracer gases, in some fire extinguishing systems, and in certain cosmetics and medical applications. CFC-11 and CFC-113 continue to decline at all stations, and CFC 12 continues to decline after peaking out in the early years of this decade. Methane concentrations, which had leveled off in the early years of this decade, appear to Be increasing again, at least for the last 2 years. PFC-14 (tetrafluoromethane) (CF 4 ) is a greenhouse gas with an atmospheric lifetime of 50,000 years and a 100 year GWP of 7,390. What’s new Evolving user base CO 2 CH 4 Isotopes Other Gases Aerosols Historical Records Suggestions

12. The ALE/GAGE/AGAGE Network (updated August 2010) Evolving user base CO 2 CH 4 Isotopes Other Gases Aerosols Historical Records Suggestions

17. Recent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations T.J. Blasing DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/atg.032 Updated September 2010 Gases typically measured in parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb) or parts per trillion (ppt) by volume are presented separately to facilitate comparison of numbers. Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) and atmospheric lifetimes are from the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007, Table 2.14), except for the atmospheric lifetime of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) which is explained in footnote 4. Additional material on greenhouse gases can be found in CDIAC's Reference Tools. To find out how CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, and halons are named, see Name that compound: The numbers game for CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, and Halons.Reference ToolsName that compound: The numbers game for CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, and Halons. Sources of the current atmospheric concentrations are given in the footnotes. The concentrations given are mostly derived from data available via the CDIAC Web pages; many corresponding links are given in the footnotes below. These data are contributed to CDIAC by various investigators, and represent considerable effort on their part. We ask as a basic professional courtesy that you acknowledge the primary sources when you refer to data from any of these sites. Guidelines for proper acknowledgment are found at each link, except for the ALE/GAGE/AGAGE database where acknowledgment guidelines are given in the "readme" files; links to those "readme" files are given in footnote 9, below.ALE/GAGE/AGAGE Evolving user base CO 2 CH 4 Isotopes Other Gases Aerosols Historical Records Suggestions

19. 7Recent CO 2 concentration (386.3 ppm) is the 2009 average taken from globally averaged marine surface data given by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, web site: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/index.html#global. Please read the material on that web page and reference Dr. Pieter Tans when citing this average http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/index.html#global (Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends). The 2009 average derived from in-situ data at the four "baseline" stations (Point Barrow, Alaska, Mauna Loa, Hawaii, American Samoa, and the South Pole) is also 386.3 rounded to the first decimal digit. The oft-cited Mauna Loa average for 2009 is 387.4, which is a good approximation although 1.1 ppm higher than the spatial averages given above. Refer to http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends for records back to the late 1950s. http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends Evolving user base CO 2 CH 4 Isotopes Other Gases Aerosols Historical Records Suggestions

22. Average annual increment (ppmv) for Baseline Stations Decade1981-19901991-20002001 ------- Point Barrow 1.60 1.52 1.92 Mauna Loa 1.55 1.53 1.99 American Samoa 1.47 1.56 1.91 South Pole 1.46 1.53 1.91 Evolving user base CO 2 CH 4 Isotopes Other Gases Aerosols Historical Records Suggestions

23. Suggestions welcome ! (Please prioritize) Cleaning up web site; less old data files, more links to current data sites Other gases, (Methane, Halocarbons) Isotopes Aerosols Historical databases Oxygen, O2/N2 ratios Display of HIPPO data Pointer to Vulcan, Subnational section with links to EPA annual state data

24. Part 2. Greenhouse Gas Emissions CO 2, CH 4, Isotopes, Historical Records, Applications Part 1: Greenhouse Gas Concentrations Evolving user data base CO 2, CH 4, Isotopes, Other Gases, Aerosols, Historical Records Suggestions

25. Emissions CO 2 CH 4 Isotopes Historical records Applications

26. CDIAC provided monthly and annual long-term (1751-2006), gridded (1 x 1) fossil-fuel CO 2 emission estimates to the AR5 modeling teams worldwide. Emissions CO 2 CH 4 Isotopes Historical records Applications

29. Annual Emissions ( billion tons of carbon) Developing Countries Non Annex B Developed Countries Annex B Kyoto Protocol Adopted Kyoto Protocol Enters into Force Regional Shift in Emissions Share FCCC 62% 38% 57% 43% Emissions CO 2 CH 4 Isotopes Historical records Applications

30. Industrial Sector Residential Sector Commercial Sector Emissions CO 2 CH 4 Isotopes Historical records Applications 18 -wheelers production

31. Emissions CO 2 CH 4 Isotopes Historical records Applications

36. 8.2 8.4 10.7 7.3 10.5 6.6 8.1 10.8 15.3 14.4 17.7 13.2 11.6 19.0 15.2 16.1 20.7 14.1 12.8 13.5 9.2 13.6 8.5 16.4 9.4 19.6 13.8 11.8 7.6 13.9 8.6 16.1 10.2 9.1 11.6 10.9 8.1 11.4 18.7 11.2 12.5 MD 8.7 8.2 http://www.climate.weathhttp://www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climate_normals/stnselect_e.html November – January Temperature Differences Average for Ottawa, Montreal, and Quebec City 4.9 for Vancouver 21.2 Canadian data from: < 10 15-20 10-15 > 20

39. This graphic adapted from: http://www.eldoradocountyweather.com/climate/mexico/Mexico%20City.html For another record that some people prefer: http://weather.uk.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?wealocations=wc:MXDF0132 in.