2. Living on Planet Earth THE PLANT KINGDOM PLANTS REPRODUCE THE NATURE OF THRIVING PLANTS © 2010 abcteach.com

3. Plant Reproduction Plants have evolved over hundreds of millions of years from simple water borne algae. They began thriving on land, first in swampy areas, evolving with adaptations to grow on dryer land formations. © 2010 abcteach.com

4. Plant Reproduction All plants have a method of replicating themselves as well as producing genetically diverse offspring with the help of spores or seeds. © 2010 abcteach.com spore seeds in fruit

5. Plant Reproduction Plant species are much more likely to survive changes in the environment, and to evolve, when two plants having different genetic characteristics produce offspring. © 2010 abcteach.com

6. Selfing Methods Vegetative reproduction is especially common among all plant species. These methods all produce plants that are the same as the originating plant. © 2010 abcteach.com

7. Selfing Methods For example, fragments of water plants can break off, wash downstream, and develop into new whole plants. Most plants can self-produce from above or below ground with runners, tubers, or bulbs. © 2010 abcteach.com

8. Selfing Methods These young plants will develop a supportive root system enabling them to mature on their own. All of these plants will have the same genetic makeup. © 2010 abcteach.com

9. Sexual Methods Plant species have a greater chance of surviving changes in the environment and evolving when they produce offspring with plants that have different genetic characteristics. © 2010 abcteach.com

10. Sexual Methods All plants have a sexual method of reproduction that combines the female ovum cells with the male sperm cells. Some plants use spores, while others use seeds. The microscopic male and female parts are combined with the help of water, wind or animals. © 2010 abcteach.com

11. Sexual Methods If a new predator, disease, or climate change becomes established in the area, some of the new plants, having genetic traits from the male and female parents, might be able to overcome these changes, and save the species from extinction. © 2010 abcteach.com

12. Spores Spores are very simple reproductive parts of a plant. Each spore contains the male and female genetic material needed to start a new plant. The spores develop in protective cases usually on the underside of a leaf. Scientific Illustration © 2010 abcteach.com

13. Spores As the plant matures, it develops and ripens the spores’ cases. When the temperature and humidity is right for the species, the spore case walls pop open sending spores into the air. © 2010 abcteach.com 1 spore magnified about 2,000 times hornwort

14. Spores They are carried to warm, moist and shaded areas by wind, water or animals. Each spore will grow and fertilize itself. If it lands on or near another plant, it might become fertilized with the swimming sperm spore of the other plant. © 2010 abcteach.com

15. Spores Unlike seeds, spores don’t carry a food source with them so animals don’t eat them. This gives spore bearing plants (mosses, liverworts and hornworts) a greater chance of maturing. © 2010 abcteach.com

16. Seeds Seeds are developed in a protective casing such as a cone, fruit, nut or flower. Seeds are fertilized with pollen before they leave the parent plant. Each plant species that replicates by seed has its own methods of producing the male and female genetic material needed to start a new plant. © 2010 abcteach.com

17. Seeds Seeds are carried off the plant by gravity, wind, water or animals. When they reach a place good for growth, and the conditions are right, they will start to develop a new plant using the food energy stored in their pod. Scientific Illustration © 2010 abcteach.com

18. Seeds Animals eat many of these fertilized seeds, and the developing shoots, because they are a rich food source. But animals also carry uneaten seeds to distant locations. © 2010 abcteach.com

19. Seeds The relationships between plants and animals help both plant and animal species expand their territories, broaden their genetic characteristics, and improve their chances of adapting to changes in the environment. © 2010 abcteach.com

20. Plants Thrive All plants need soil, sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to grow. All species differ in their requirements for warmth, moisture and nutrition. © 2010 abcteach.com

21. Plants Thrive When the environment meets the needs of the established fertilized spore or developing seed, a new plant will grow and thrive, bringing beauty and life-giving food to many living things on planet Earth. © 2010 abcteach.com

22. Non-Vascular Plant Reproductive Cycle

23. Spore Life Cycle

24. Vascular Plant Reproductive Cycle

25. © 2010 abcteach.com Living on Planet Earth This series is brought to you by THE PLANT KINGDOM