1. 6 Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 500 B.C. – A.D. 500
QUIT 6
CHAPTER
Ancient Rome and Early
Christianity, 500 B.C. – A.D. 500
Chapter Overview
Time Line
SECTION 1
The Romans Create a Republic
MAP
SECTION 2
The Roman Empire Brings Change
SECTION 3
The Rise of Christianity
SECTION 4
The Decline of the Roman Empire
GRAPH
SECTION 5
Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization
Visual Summary

2. 6 Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 500 B.C. – A.D. 500
HOME 6
CHAPTER
Ancient Rome and Early
Christianity, 500 B.C. – A.D. 500
Chapter Overview
Rome becomes the center of an empire, which aids in the spread of Christianity. Eventually the Western Empire falls, while the Eastern Empire remains. The Greco-Roman culture helps shape Western thought and culture for centuries.

3. 6 Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 500 B.C. – A.D. 500 HOME
CHAPTER
Ancient Rome and Early
Christianity, 500 B.C. – A.D. 500
Time Line
509 B.C. Rome becomes a republic.
218 B.C. In the Second Punic War, Hannibal invades Italy.
A.D. 284 Diocletian, who will divide the Roman Empire, becomes emperor.
500 B.C.
A.D. 500
264 B.C. The First Punic War with Carthage begins.
44 B.C. Conspirators kill Julius Caesar.
A.D. 476 Western Roman Empire falls with the ouster of the last emperor, Romulus Augustulus.

4. The Romans Create a Republic Key Idea 1
HOME 1
The Romans Create
a Republic
Key Idea
The early Romans establish a republic on the Italian peninsula, conquer all of Italy, and defeat Carthage in a series of wars. The Romans create an extensive trade network.
Overview
Assessment

5. The Romans Create a Republic Overview 1 • republic • patrician
HOME 1
The Romans Create
a Republic
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• republic
• patrician
• plebeian
• tribune
• consul
• senate
• dictator
• legion
• Hannibal
• Scipio
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The early Romans established a republic, which grew powerful and spread its influence.
Some of the most fundamental values and institutions of Western civilization began in the Roman Republic.
Assessment

6. 451 B.C. Twelve Tables created.
HOME 1
The Romans Create
a Republic
Section 1
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the main events that mark the growth of Rome into a powerful republic.
509 B.C. Romans overthrow Etruscan king.
Republic established.
451 B.C. Twelve Tables created.
265 B.C. Italy conquered.
B.C. Punic Wars fought.
70 B.C. Rome controlled
the Mediterranean.
continued . . .

7. The Romans Create a Republic 1 1
HOME 1
The Romans Create
a Republic
Section 1
Assessment
2. Do you think the Roman Republic owed its success more to its form of government or to its army? Why?
THINK ABOUT
• the structure of the republic
• how citizenship spread
• Rome’s policies toward conquered peoples
ANSWER
Possible Response:
The army’s conquests expanded the territory of Rome, which increased Rome’s power and wealth. However, the republic that Rome established gave it a stability that allowed it to grow by absorbing conquered peoples or making them allies.
continued . . .

8. The Romans Create a Republic 1 1
HOME 1
The Romans Create
a Republic
Section 1
Assessment
3. How did the office of dictator contribute to the balance and stability of the Roman Republic? THINK ABOUT
• the role of the dictator
• the power of consuls
• the need for speedy decisions in a crisis
ANSWER
A dictator could make the speedy decisions needed in a crisis, whereas the consuls could veto each other’s decisions, and the senate and assembly might take too long to make critical decisions.
Possible Response:
End of Section 1

9. The Roman Empire Brings Change Key Idea 2
HOME 2
The Roman Empire
Brings Change
MAP
Key Idea
Problems in the republic lead to civil war. The republic collapses, and Julius Caesar becomes dictator. After Caesar’s assassination, Octavian emerges as Rome’s first emperor.
Overview
Assessment

10. The Roman Empire Brings Change Overview 2 • civil war • Julius Caesar
HOME 2
The Roman Empire
Brings Change
MAP
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• civil war
• Julius Caesar
• triumvirate
• absolute ruler
• Augustus
• Pax Romana
• gladiator
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The creation of the Roman Empire transformed Roman government, society, economy, and culture.
The Roman Empire has served throughout history as a model of political organization and control.
Assessment

11. The Roman Empire Brings Change 2 2
HOME 2
The Roman Empire
Brings Change
MAP
Section 2
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain how Rome changed during the Pax Romana.
Changes in Rome
Rome becomes an empire with one ruler.
Civil service system established.
Empire expands.
Roman way of life extends to the provinces.
Roman trade reaches India and China.
Road network increases trade.
Women have more freedom.
Religions of southwestern Asia become influential.
Gap between rich and poor increases.
continued . . .

12. The Roman Empire Brings Change 2 2
HOME 2
The Roman Empire
Brings Change
MAP
Section 2
Assessment
2. What role did Julius Caesar play in the decline of the republic and the rise of the empire? THINK ABOUT
• the problems facing the republic
• how Caesar helped restore order
• Caesar’s defiance of the senate
• Caesar’s rule as dictator
ANSWER
Possible Response:
Caesar helped restore order, then seized power. His occupation of Rome and his rule as dictator effectively ended the republic.
End of Section 2

13. The Rise of Christianity Key Idea 3
HOME 3
The Rise of
Christianity
Key Idea
Christianity begins with the teachings of Jesus in Judea. The new religion spreads quickly throughout the empire.
Overview
Assessment

14. The Rise of Christianity Overview 3 • Jesus • apostle • Peter • Paul
HOME 3
The Rise of
Christianity
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Jesus
• apostle
• Peter
• Paul
• Diaspora
• bishop
• pope
• Constantine
• heresy
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Christianity arose in Roman-occupied Judea and spread throughout the Roman Empire.
As the world’s most widespread religion, Christianity guides the lives of millions today.
Assessment

15. The Rise of Christianity 3 3
HOME 3
The Rise of
Christianity
Section 3
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe five events that led to the spread of Christianity throughout the Roman Empire.
Theodosius makes Christianity the empire’s official religion.
Rome takes over
Jewish kingdom.
Jesus gathers many followers.
Paul and other missionaries spread Jesus’ message.
Constantine issues
Edict of Milan.
continued . . .

16. The Rise of Christianity 3 3
HOME 3
The Rise of
Christianity
Section 3
Assessment
2. Do you think Christianity would have developed in the same way if it had arisen in an area outside the Roman Empire? Explain. THINK ABOUT
• Jesus’ growing popularity
• the effect of actions Rome took against Jesus and his followers
• the depth of belief of Jesus’ followers
• the advantages of being part of a vast empire
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
No. Christianity would have grown more slowly outside the empire.
Yes. It would have spread just as fast or faster without Roman persecutions.
continued . . .

17. The Rise of Christianity 3 3
HOME 3
The Rise of
Christianity
Section 3
Assessment
3. Who do you think did more to spread Christianity—Paul or Constantine? THINK ABOUT
• Paul’s travels
• the opening of Christianity to the Gentiles
• Constantine’s power as an emperor
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Paul did more to spread Christianity because he carried it throughout the empire and welcomed Gentiles.
Constantine did more because he accepted Christianity and ended the persecution.
End of Section 3

18. The Decline of the Roman Empire Key Idea 4
HOME 4
The Decline of the
Roman Empire
Key Idea
The Roman Empire splits in two. Economic, military, and political decay and outside invaders bring down the Western Roman Empire, but the eastern half survives.
Overview
Assessment

19. The Decline of the Roman Empire Overview 4 • inflation • mercenary
HOME 4
The Decline of the
Roman Empire
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• inflation
• mercenary
• Diocletian
• Constantinople
• Alaric
• Attila
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Internal problems and nomadic invasions spurred the division and decline of the Roman empire.
The decline and fall of great civilizations is a repeating pattern in world history.
Assessment

20. Decline of the Roman Empire
HOME 4
The Decline of the
Roman Empire
Section 4
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Identify the causes of each of the effects listed below.
Decline of the Roman Empire
Causes
Effects
Inflation
Untrustworthy army
Decreased citizen interest in government
Gold and silver squandered; coins worth less
Soldiers fought for money.
Citizens had little influence; officials
burdened with debts. The empire couldn’t
maintain its defenses; army was weakened.
continued . . .

21. The Decline of the Roman Empire 4 4
HOME 4
The Decline of the
Roman Empire
Section 4
Assessment
2. How do you think the splitting of the empire into two parts helped it survive for another 200 years?
THINK ABOUT
• the differences between the eastern and western halves of the empire
• the advantages of a smaller empire
ANSWER
Possible Response:
The wealthier eastern half included most of the empire’s great cities and trading centers. By creating a smaller area that was easier to defend, Constantine was able to preserve the empire for another 200 years.
End of Section 4

22. Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization Key Idea 5
HOME 5
Rome and the Roots of
Western Civilization
GRAPH
Key Idea
Greco-Roman culture continues to influence the arts, science and technology, government, and legal systems of the Western world and other parts of the globe.
Overview
Assessment

23. Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization Overview 5
HOME 5
Rome and the Roots of
Western Civilization
GRAPH
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Greco-Roman culture
• Pompeii
• Virgil
• Tacitus
• aqueduct
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The Romans developed many ideas and institutions that became fundamental to Western civilization.
Evidence of Roman culture is found throughout Europe and North America and in Asia and Africa.
Assessment

24. Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization 5 5
HOME 5
Rome and the Roots of
Western Civilization
GRAPH
Section 5
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. For each of the categories below, list the accomplishments of Roman culture.
Fine Arts
Law
Engineering
Literature
Realistic sculpture,
murals,
mosaics
Histories,
Virgil’s Aeneid,
Ovid’s Amores,
Tacitus’s
Annals and Histories
Arch,
dome,
aqueduct,
roads
Equal treatment before the law, innocent until proven guilty, burden of proof on the accuser, unfair laws set aside
continued . . .

25. Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization 5 5
HOME 5
Rome and the Roots of
Western Civilization
GRAPH
Section 5
Assessment
2. Which principle of law do you think has been Rome’s greatest contribution to modern legal systems? THINK ABOUT
• equality before the law
• innocent until proven guilty
• unfair laws could be set aside
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
• Equal treatment before the law because it erases class differences.
Innocent until proven guilty because there can be no punishment without conviction.
• Unfair laws can be set aside because bad laws can be changed.
continued . . .

26. Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization 5 5
HOME 5
Rome and the Roots of
Western Civilization
GRAPH
Section 5
Assessment
3. Why do you think the Greek philosophy of Stoicism was so appealing to Romans? THINK ABOUT
• Stoic philosophy
• the Roman citizen-soldier
• Roman law
ANSWER
Possible Response:
Stoicism emphasized virtue, duty, and endurance, qualities that would appeal to the citizen-soldier. Also, Stoics believed that human laws should be reasonable and just, concepts that influenced Roman legal systems.
End of Section 5