1. Chapter 11 – AP European History
The Age of Reformation
Chapter 11 – AP European History

2. Free Response Essay #2
Analyze the aims, methods, and degree of success of the Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) in the 16TH Century (2006).
Describe and analyze the ways in which 16th century Roman Catholics defended their faith against the Protestant Reformation.
Compare & contrast the Lutheran Reformation and the Catholic Reformation of the 16th century regarding the reform of both religious doctrines and religious practices.
Discuss the social consequences that the Protestant Reformation had from Released AP European History Free Response Questions
Compare and contrast the motives of Martin Luther in the German States and King Henry VIII of England in bringing about religious change during the Protestant Reformation.

3. The Printing Press “Revolution”
Johannes Gutenberg developed printing press mid 1400’s
Outcome: books affordable & available, literacy increased, jobs
Increased Communication

4. Humanist Critics of The Church
Rabelais Condemned :
forms of church corruption
Condemned simony (the buying or selling of ecclesiastical pardons)
Erasmus Believed :
Scriptures were a guide to life
true religion was a matter of inward sincerity and pious devotion
Church needed moral reforms

5. Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16th Century:
1. Urban lay people gained knowledge of the world through:
Travel : trade, pilgrimages
Postal System
Literacy/ Books

6. Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16th Century:
2. Distrust in Authority Figures & Institutions
Peasants sought social reform
Prosperous guilds supported Protestant Reform ( synonymous with Political reform)

7. Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16th Century:
3. Dissatisfaction with wealth of the church
30% of land in Europe was under Church Control/ Ownership

8. Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16th Century:
4. Questionable Church Practices:
Benefice System – ecclesiastical posts (Bishops, Abbots) sold to highest bidders
Simony –buying or selling of ecclesiastical pardons
Indulgences – “Tickets to Heaven”

9. Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church:
5. Governments grew tired of Church interference
Church vs. State
Who had authority/ Power?

10. New Spirituality & Brothers of The Common Life
Modern Devotion
1. Lay members not expected to take clerical vows
2. Led Religious life of prayer
3. Preached in the Vernacular (not Latin)
4. Conducted schools, religious publications

11. Martin Luther’s Life changing experience:
During a lightning storm, prayed to St. Anne
Promised to enter monastery if he survived ordeal
Born: 1483
Died : 1546

12. Martin Luther Education: Master of Arts Degree, 1505
Ordained as a Monk (Order of the Hermits of Saint Augustine) 1507
Doctorate in Theology, 1512

13. Indulgences – “Tickets to Heaven”
1517 -Pope Leo X revived the selling of indulgences
Forgiveness of un-repented sins
Proceeds were used to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

14. In Germany, John Tetzel
preached the indulgences as necessary for salvation
“Don’t you hear the voices of your dead relatives ?… we suffer great punishment and pain…”

15. 95 Theses October 31st, 1517
Luther posted 95 theses on a church door in Wittenberg, Germany
List of arguments against the selling of indulgences
Copies printed & circulated

16. Martin Luther’s Beliefs:
1. Justification by Faith Alone “sola fide”
Salvation by faith alone
2. The need for only Two sacraments: Baptism and the Eucharist

17. Martin Luther’s Beliefs:
3. The Bible as the only source of truth
4. No need for confession
5. “All Christians as Spiritually Equal” -No difference between clergy & laity
6. Refused authority of the Pope

18. Martin Luther’s Beliefs:
7. Clergy should be allowed to marry
8. Mass in the vernacular (local languages)
9. Good works expected- Each person should serve God in his/or her own individual calling

19. Martin Luther & Printing Press
3 Pamphlets:
1. Address To The Christian Nobility of The German Nation- urged reform
2. Babylonian Captivity of The Church – sacraments
3. Freedom of a Christian – salvation by faith alone

20. June 15,1520 Pope Leo X Condemned Luther of heresy
Was ordered to recant
Luther refused
friends hid him for 1 year
Translated New Testament into German
Excommunicated Jan. 1521

21. Reformation is Embraced in Germany
1520’s-1530’s
1. Reformation Ideas spread – Printing Press
2. German Princes confiscated church lands
3. Luther appealed to nationalistic feelings in German states
4. Lutheran Faith - 1st Protestant Church

22. Karaoke Review- “ Martin Luther”

23. Catholic Portrayal of Martin Luther Tempting Christ (1547)

24. Schmaldkaldic League
1530’s German Protestant lands formed alliance

25. German Peasants Revolt 1525-1527
Causes:
Peasants interpreted “Christian Freedom” as “freedom from serfdom”
Rebelled against landlords
Peasants believed Luther would support their cause

26. German Peasants Revolt 1525-1527
Luther’s Response:
Luther did not support revolt – “Un-Christian”
Consequences:
The authority of German nobility strengthened
Lutheranism allied to and controlled by German nobility
70, ,000 died

27. Protestant Reformation : Why Germany?
1. Germany lacked political unity
Diet of Worms German nobility presented emperor with list 102 “oppressive church burdens & abuses”

28. The Spread of Lutheranism
Became dominant religion in northern and eastern Germany.
Most of southern Germany remained Catholic
Lutheranism spread to northern European countries (Denmark, Scandinavia)

29. Reformation in Switzerland
Lose confederacy of 13 cantons, or states
Reasons for Reformation:
1. Growth of sense of nationalism
2. Desire for church reform

30. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Leader of Swiss Reformation
Zurich became center of Swiss reform
Swiss Civil Wars: Protestants vs. Catholics
Zwingli executed

31. John Calvin (1509-1564) Leader of French Reform Pessimistic about man
Wrote: The Institutes of the Christian Religion
Predestination- only God could determine salvation
Literal interpretation of Bible
idle time led to sin
No “fun” allowed! 

32. Calvinists are Called…
Puritans in England
Huguenots in France
Presbyterians in Scotland
Only “Sacraments” recognized are: Baptism & Eucharist

33. John Calvin Established City of Geneva (Switzerland)- “City of Saints”
1555 Geneva became home to exiled Protestants
Model Christian Community – outlawed dancing, playing cards, attending the theatre
Theocracy
Women’s rights: laws against spousal abuse
Church attendance mandatory

34. “Radical” Protestant Groups
1. Anabaptists (re-baptize):
rejected infant baptism, insisted on adult baptism
Precursors of modern day Mennonites, Amish
Advocated complete separation of church & state

35. “Radical” Protestant Groups
2. Spiritualists:
Isolated
Had disdain for institutionalized religion
Only religious authority was the Spirit of God
3. Antitrinitarians:
opposed Calvinist belief of predestination
Rejected the Doctrine of the Trinity

36. The Reformation Did Not Work in Italy Because:
1. The Pope was in Rome
2. Church was source of wealth for Italy
3. Italian Renaissance made Italy Prosperous
4. Germany had more liberal universities

37. The Peace of Augsburg ( Germany, 1555)
Ruler of a land will determine the land’s religion
"Cuius regio eius religio".
established after the Protestant princes of the Schmalkaldic League went to war against the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V.
Made the division of Christendom permanent

38. The Religious “Situation”, 1560

39. Protestant Reformation In Tudor England
Henry VIII (Tudor Dynasty)
separated from Catholic Church…
But not for religious reasons

40. Six Wives of Henry VIII 1. Catherine of Aragon (Divorced)
1st Husband Arthur (Henry’s brother)
Arthur died within 6 months of marriage
2nd Husband: Henry VIII (1509)
Married for 20 years
1 child: Mary I

41. Six Wives of Henry VIII Henry wanted a divorce! No sons!
Pope’s Response: NO!
The Act of Supremacy (1534)
Henry declared himself head of church & state

42. The Trial of Queen Catherine of Aragon, 1909 by F. Salisbury

43. Henry VIII Established Anglican Church, or Church of England
Confiscated church lands, destroyed monasteries
had to be Anglican to hold government job in England until the 19th century!

44. Six Wives of Henry VIII
2. Anne Boleyn (be-headed) Catherine’s Lady in Waiting
Marriage lasted: 3 years ( )
1 child: Elizabeth I
Accused of treason
Be-headed 1536

45. #2 Anne Boleyn

46. Six Wives of Henry VIII 3. Jane Seymour (died)
Married Henry days after Anne’s execution!
Henry’s “One true love”
Marriage lasted: 1 year ( )
Child: Edward VI
Died in childbirth

47. Six Wives of Henry VIII 4. Anne of Cleaves (divorced) German Princess
Married her sight unseen
“I like her not!”
Marriage lasted: 3 months
Marriage annulled

48. Six Wives of Henry VIII 5. Catherine Howard (be-headed)
Cousin of Anne Boleyn!
She was 16, Henry was 49
Marriage lasted: 17 months ( )
Accused of adultery, treason
Be-headed 1542

49. Six Wives of Henry VIII 6. Katherine Parr (Survived)
Married twice before, was older (30’s)
Married Henry 1543, Henry Died 1547
Marriage lasted: 4 years
Wrote books about Protestant faith
Patron of English Protestant Reformers

50. Karaoke Review – Six Wives of Henry VIII

51. Martin Luther vs. King Henry VIII
Embraced Protestantism for different reasons
However, both rejected Papal authority
Both believed in strenghthening the authority of nobles

52. Henry VIII’S Children 1. Edward VI Became King @ age 10
John Dudley took over legal guardianship (trouble began)
Died of tuberculosis at age 16

54. Henry VIII’S Children Edward VI Laws:
1. Act of Uniformity (1549) : Book of Common Prayer, images and altars removed from churches
2. Second Act of Uniformity (1552): Revised Book of Common Prayer : Justification by faith, holy scripture, recognizes 2 sacraments (Baptism , Eucharist)
3. Declared his sisters illegitimate & ineligible for the throne !

55. Henry VIII’S Children Edward declared his cousin
Lady Jane Grey heir to the throne (16)
She was forced to marry John Dudley’s son…
Ruled as Queen of England for 9 days!
The “Nine Days Queen”

56. Henry VIII’S Children 2. Mary I 1st female ruler of England
Arrested Jane, and had her be-headed
Ruled for 5 years
Married King Phillip II OF Spain
Restored Catholicism
Nickname: “Bloody Mary” – murdered Protestants
Died of natural causes

57. Henry VIII’S Children 3. Elizabeth I Ruled for 45 years! (R.1558-1603)
Tolerant Protestant
Built Navy/Army
Good Foreign diplomacy
Encouraged England’s Cultural revival

58. Queen Elizabeth I’s Coronation Gown

59. Henry VIII’S Children (Elizabeth)
Conflict with King Phillip II Of Spain
1588 England DEFEATED the Spanish Armada
Most powerful navy in Europe
Turning point: England emerged as naval & commercial power

60. Henry VIII’S Children (Elizabeth)
“Elizabethan Era” a great cultural period
She encouraged the arts, Shakespeare & Globe theatre

61. Queen Elizabeth I vs. Queen Isabella of Spain
Queen Elizabeth I England
Queen Isabella of Spain
Protestant
tolerant
“Politique” – Creating unity mattered more than religion
Wanted to avoid wars of religion
Catholic
Not tolerant
“One King, One Law, One Faith”
Revived the inquisition, persecuted Muslim Moors, Jews, and other “heretics”

62. Elizabeth I Never Married
She was “Mother” English People were her “Children”
Died 1603
James I Inherited the throne
Established Jamestown 1607
Son of Mary Queen of Scotts (liz’s cousin)
Who was beheaded for planning a plot to kill Elizabeth…

63. National Portrait Gallery, London “The Real Tudors”

64. Catholic Reformation
AKA: “Counter Reformation” in response to Protestant Reformation

65. Council of Trent (1545-1563) Series of meetings spread over 18 years
Location: Trent, Italy

66. Important Reforms: 1. Selling of church offices/indulgences prohibited
2. Authority of Local Bishops Strengthened
3. Seminary Requirement

67. Important Reforms: 4. 7 Sacraments re-affirmed
5. Clerical Celibacy re-affirmed
6. Veneration of Saints, relics, images re-affirmed

68. Counter Reformation, Khan Academy

69. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Spanish Soldier
Cannon strikes his leg in battle 1521
Received last sacraments…
But survived

70. Ignatius of Loyola ( )
Spanish Soldier hurt in battle - painful 9 month recovery
Read about lives of Saints
Decided to join monastery and become “ Soldier of Christ”

71. Ignatius of Loyola Wrote:
Spiritual Exercises- a month long program of prayers, meditations, contemplative practiceS
“As in all the following Spiritual Exercises, we use acts of the intellect in reasoning, and acts of the will in movements of the feelings: let us remark that, in the acts of the will, when we are speaking vocally or mentally with God our Lord, or with His Saints, greater reverence is required on our part than when we are using the intellect in understanding. “

72. Ignatius of Loyola
Established Jesuit order, or Society of Jesus in the 1530’s
Known for Missionary work all over world
Stressed Moral Self- Discipline & Education

73. St. Teresa of Avila ( )
At 17 knew she wanted to enter the convent
Father refused
Ran away & entered Carmelite Monastery in 1535

74. Teresa of Avila Established the Order of the Discalced Carmelites
Wrote: Way of Perfection
Growth in prayer allows for a deeper relationship with God

75. Concept of “Interior Castle”
Teresa envisioned the soul as
“…a castle made of a single diamond in which there are many rooms, just as in Heaven there are many mansions."

76. Baroque Art (1500’s-1700’s) Originally established by Catholic Church
Meant to be :
1. Doctrinally Correct
2. Visually & Emotionally Appealing
3. Dramatic

77. Characteristics of Baroque Art
1. Dramatic use of light and dark (tenebrism)
2. Subject matter focused on dramatic moments
3. Portrayal of Everyday People who are not idealized
4. Buildings featuring grandiose scale and ornate decorations

78. Baroque Art
Baroque art & architecture promoted Catholic Church Doctrine
Developed in Rome

79. Gian Lorenzo Bernini Credited with inventing Baroque style
Originally sculptor
“Theatrical” works of art for churches, palaces, architectural projects
 altarpiece

80. Bernini’s -The Ecstasy of St. Theresa (1645-1652)

81. Bernini – Baldachino (Inside St. Peter’s Basilica)

82. Michelangelo de Caravaggio, The Calling of St. Matthew (1599-1600)

83. Artemisia Gentileschi- Judith Slaying Holofernes (1612-1613)

84. Francesco Borromini (died 1667)
Sculptor & architect
“Space” as a means of motion & expression

85. Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) Famous for altarpieces And…
“history paintings”- mostly biblical
The Crucifiction

86. Peter Paul Rubens

87. Catholic Counter Reformation:
1. Greater Clarity in Regards to Doctrine
2. New Orders established – good works, Missionary work
3. Spread of ideas & philosophy in writing
4. Greater importance placed on communion
5. The Emergence of Baroque art

88. Review of Protestant Reformation; Videos
Life Before the Protestant Reformation, Khan Academy
Martin Luther, Khan Academy
Varieties of Protestantism, Khan Academy