1. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. CHAPTER 7 Behavioral and Social Cognitive Approaches

2. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Learning Goals 1. Define learning and describe five approaches to studying it. 2. Compare classical conditioning and operant conditioning. 3. Apply behavior analysis to education. 4. Summarize social cognitive approaches to learning.

3. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Behavioral and Social Cognitive Approaches What Is Learning? What Learning Is and Is Not Approaches to Learning

4. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Behavioral and Cognitive Approaches to Learning Learning is a relatively permanent influence on behavior, knowledge, and thinking skills, which comes about through experience.

5. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Behavioral and Cognitive Approaches to Learning Behavioral Approaches to Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning

6. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Ivan Pavlov – Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to connect or associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

7. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning

8. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Classical Conditioning Principles Generalization The tendency of a new stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus to produce a similar response. Discrimination The organism responds to certain stimuli but not others. Extinction The weakening of the conditioned response (CR) in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

9. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Systematic Desensitization Reduces anxiety by getting the individual to associate deep relaxation with successive visualizations of increasingly anxiety-producing situations

10. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Patty does poorly on a math test. This makes her feel anxious. From that point on, she always becomes anxious when taking a math test. As the school year progresses, she begins experiencing anxiety when she has tests in other subject areas as well. Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Theory into Practice Q.1: Identify the US in the example above. Q.2: Identify the UR in the example above. Q.3: Identify the CS in the example above. Q.4: Identify the CR in the example above.

11. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Patty does poorly on a math test. This makes her feel anxious. From that point on, she always becomes anxious when taking a math test. As the school year progresses, she begins experiencing anxiety when she has tests in other subject areas as well. Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Theory into Practice Q: Why would Patty begin to experience anxiety in response to tests in content areas other than math?

12. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Consequences are contingent on the organism’s behavior. Reinforcement increases the probability that a behavior will occur. Punishment decreases the probability that a behavior will occur.

13. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Punishment vs. Reinforcement TYPE CONSEQUENCE BEHAVIOR CHANGE Reinforcementpositivegive goodincrease negativetake-away badincrease Punishmentremoval take-away good decrease presentationgive baddecrease

14. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Operant Conditioning Principles Previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced and the response decreases. Extinction Differentiating among stimuli or environmental events. Discrimination Giving the same response to similar stimuli. Generalization

15. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Nick frequently gets out of his seat and entertains his classmates with humorous remarks. Mr. Lincoln often scolds Nick for his behavior. However, Nick’s classmates laugh when Nick makes remarks. The scolding rarely has any impact. Nick continues with his antics. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Theory into Practice Q.1: What is Mr. Lincoln attempting to do when he scolds Nick? Q.2: Why does Nick continue his antics in spite of being scolded? Q.3: What are three strategies Mr. Lincoln could try to keep Nick more on task?

16. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Behavioral and Social Cognitive Approaches Applied Behavior Analysis in Education What Is Applied Behavior Analysis? Decreasing Undesirable Behaviors Evaluating Operant Conditioning and Applied Behavior Analysis Increasing Desirable Behaviors

17. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Applied Behavior Analysis …is applying principles of operant conditioning to change human behavior.

18. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Increasing Desirable Behaviors Choose effective reinforcers Consider contracting Make reinforcers contingent and timely Use negative reinforcement effectively Select the BEST reinforcement schedule Use prompts and shaping

19. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Reinforcement Schedules Fixed-Ratio Reinforce after a set number of responses Variable-Ratio Reinforce after an average but unpredictable number of responses Fixed-Interval Reinforce appropriate response after a fixed amount of time Variable-Interval Reinforce appropriate response after a variable amount of time

20. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Reinforcement Schedules

21. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Reinforcement Guidelines for the Classroom: Initial learning is better with continuous reinforcement. Students on fixed schedules show less persistence, faster response extinction. Students show greatest persistence on variable-interval schedule. The Premack principle states that a high-probability activity can serve as a reinforcer for a low-probability activity. “Eat your dinner and you can go out to play.”

22. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Reinforcement: Prompts and Shaping Prompts: Added stimuli that are given just before the likelihood that the behavior will occur. 1. Use to initiate behavior. 2. Once desired behavior is consistent, remove prompts. Shaping: Involves teaching new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior. 1. First, reward any response. 2. Next, reward responses that resemble the desired behavior. 3. Finally, reward only target behavior.

23. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Decreasing Undesirable Behaviors Use differential reinforcement Terminate reinforcement (extinction) Remove desirable stimuli Present aversive stimuli (punishment).

24. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Enter the Debate Should teachers use tangible reinforcers to reward good behavior? YESNO

25. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Reflection & Observation Reflection: In your educational experience, what types of incentives did teachers use? How effective was their use? Why were they effective or ineffective?

26. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Behavioral and Social Cognitive Approaches Social Cognitive Approaches to Learning Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Cognitive Behavior Approaches and Self-Regulation Evaluating the Social Cognitive Approaches Observational Learning

27. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Social, cognitive, and behavioral factors play important roles in learning. Self-efficacy: The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes. Observational learning occurs when a person observes and imitates someone else’s behavior.

28. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism P/C Personal and cognitive factors E Environment B Behavior

29. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Observational Learning Retention Students must code information and keep it in memory so that they can retrieve it. Production Students must be able to reproduce the model’s behavior. Attention Students must attend to what a model is doing or saying. Motivation Students must be motivated to imitate the modeled behavior.

30. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Nick frequently gets out of his seat and entertains his classmates with humorous remarks. Mr. Lincoln often scolds Nick for his behavior. However, Nick’s classmates laugh when Nick makes remarks. The scolding rarely has any impact. Nick continues with his antics. After several days of this, other boys in the class begin to get out of their seats and make humorous remarks as well. Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Theory into Practice Q.1: Why do the other boys begin to misbehave? Explain. Q.2: What does this say about Nick?

31. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Classroom Use of Observational Learning Decide what type of model you will be Use peers as effective models Demonstrate and teach new behaviors Use mentors as models Consider the models children observe in the media

32. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. A Model of Self-Regulatory Learning Self-Evaluation and Monitoring Putting a Plan into Action and Monitoring It Goal Setting and Strategic Planning Monitoring Outcomes and Refining Strategies

33. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Crack the Case Consequences 1. What are the issues in this case? 2. Why did Adam continue to disrupt the class despite the consequences? 3. What has Adam learned? 4. Why did the other students join Adam in his disruptive behavior? 5. What should Mr. Potter do now?