1. Motivation and Emotion stolen off www.appsychology.com majorly altered by Mr. C. and then more by Ms. B!www.appsychology.com

2. Motivation Instinct Theory: we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors. But instincts only explain why we do a small fraction of our behaviors. – What are the basic human instincts?

3. Drive Reduction Theory Our behavior is motivated by BIOLOGICAL NEEDS. Wants to maintain homeostasis. When we are not, we have a need that creates a drive. Primary versus Secondary drives

4. Yerkes-Dodson Law The Yerkes-Dodson Law says we perform best under the optimal amount of arousal. (Like Goldilocks) Not too much, not too little, just right!

5. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal. We are driven to satisfy the lower level needs first.

6. Hunger comes from your BRAIN, not your tummy! Lateral Hypothalamus When stimulated it makes you hungry. When lesioned (destroyed) you will never be hungry again. Ventromedial Hypothalamus When stimulated you feel full. When lesioned you will never feel full again. I’m late for lunch. I’m hungry. The lateral hypothalamus makes you hungry.

7. Set Point Theory The hypothalamus acts like a thermostat. Wants to maintain a stable weight. Activate the lateral when you diet and activate the ventromedial when you start to gain weight.

8. Psychological Aspects of Hunger Internals versus Externals The Garcia Effect- CONDITIONED TASE AVERSION STUDY Don’t forget about GLUCOSE levels and cultural aspects.

9. Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food). Anorexia Nervosa Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight. See themselves as fat. Vast majority are women.

10. Sexual Motivation Kinsey’s Studies Confidential interviews with 18,000 people (in early 1950’s). Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female Scale of sexuality….0 to 6 where 0 is exclusively heterosexual and 6 homosexual and 7 is asexual. Click on Kinsey to see the movie trailer.

11. Masters and Johnson Study In the 1960’s William Masters and Virginia Johnson set out to explore the physiology of sex. 382 females and 312 males. After their research was done they ran an institute that claimed to turn gay people straight.

12. Mapped out the Sexual Response Cycle Initial Excitement Plateau Phase Orgasm Resolution Phase (with refractory period).

13. Psychological Factors in Sexual Motivation Only some people are externals when it comes to hunger- but we are all externals when it comes to sex. People can find sexually explicit images either pleasing or disturbing- but they are none the less biologically arousing.

14. How is Sexual Orientation NO evidence that sexuality is socially determined. Kids raised by gay parents are not more likely to be gay This it is likely biologically determined. Simon LeVay discovered that there is a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexual men than in heterosexual women or homosexual men. Current research seems to point to the hormonal levels in the prenatal environment. We have created homosexual male fruit flies and lesbian sheep!!!

15. Achievement Motivation What motivates us to work? (School, job, sports, video games, relationships etc..) Intrinsic Motivators Rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction. Extrinsic Motivators Reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or money or etc..) Work great in the short run.

16. Achievement motivation Those with high achievement motivation will choose tasks that are moderately difficult. Not too hard because they want to achieve. Not too easy because they want to feel good about themselves. Where would one stand to practice if they had high achievement motivation?

17. Overjustification effect Studies show that if you externally reward someone (excessively) for something they love doing, they will lose their intrinsic desire for doing it. Alex Rodriguez earns 27.5 million dollars per year. Does he love the game??

18. Management Theory Management/Teaching styles relate closely to Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivators. Theory X Managers believes that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment. Think employees are Extrinsically Motivated. Only interested in Maslow’s lower needs. Theory Y Managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive. Interested in Maslow’s higher needs.

19. James-Lange Theory of Emotion Willam James and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory of Emotion. Based on our autonomic nervous system The body changes and our mind interprets those changes as emotion. “I’m afraid because I run”

20. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Say James- Lange theory is wrong. The physiological change and cognitive awareness must occur simultaneously. They believed it was the thalamus that helped this happen. Physiological change (heart rate, breathing) Cognitive awareness

21. Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Stanley Schachter explains emotions more completely that the other two theories. They happen at the same time but… Emotion is processed in the autonomic nervous system AND the cerebral cortex (conscious thought) Includes cognitive appraisal

22. ” If you are in a falling vehicle heading toward the ground at 60 mph, your autonomic reaction would include heart racing and screaming. But if your cognitive appraisal says you are on a rollercoaster, then you have the emotion of “fun

23. Stress There are 2 stress hormones you need to know. Cortisol and adrenaline Cortisol does lead to weight gain.

24. Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome Describes our response to a stressful event. Three stages 1.Alarm 2.Resistance 3.Exhaustion

25. 25 Emotional Expression When culturally diverse people were shown six basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them (Paul Ekman 1989). Elkman & Matsumoto, Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion However, the display rules are different for collectivist cultures than individualist cultures. Chinese are not encouraged to display anger like Americans are.

26. 26 Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of them are present in infancy, except for contempt, shame, and guilt. Even blind children display these facial expressions. Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit

27. 27 Catharsis Hypothesis Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves an emotional release or “catharsis.” Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through reinforcement it is habit-forming.