1. BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor From PowerPoint ® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections CHAPTER 15 Tracing Evolutionary History SSHS AP Biology

2. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Did birds evolve from dinosaurs? Evolutionary biologists investigate this question by looking at the fossil record Are Birds Really Dinosaurs with Feathers?

3. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The fossil of the earliest known bird, Archeaopteryx, was discovered in 1861 Fossils of dinosaurs with feathers may support the bird- dinosaur theory

4. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Macroevolution consists of the major changes in the history of life –The fossil record chronicles these changes, which have helped to devise the geologic time scale 15.1 The fossil record chronicles macroevolution EARTH HISTORY AND MACROEVOLUTION

5. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15.1

6. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The sequence of fossils in rock strata indicates the relative ages of different species Radiometric dating can gauge the actual ages of fossils 15.2 The actual ages of rocks and fossils mark geologic time

7. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Continental drift is the slow, incessant movement of Earth’s crustal plates on the hot mantle 15.3 Continental drift has played a major role in macroevolution Figure 15.3A Pacific Plate North American Plate Nazca Plate South American Plate African Plate Eurasian Plate Split developing Indo-Australian Plate Edge of one plate being pushed over edge of neighboring plate (zones of violent geologic events) Antarctic Plate

8. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings This movement has influenced the distribution of organisms and greatly affected the history of life –Continental mergers triggered extinctions –Separation of continents caused the isolation and diversification of organisms Figure 15.3B Millions of years ago Eurasia CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC North America Africa India South America Antarctica Australia Laurasia Gondwana Pangaea

9. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Continental drift explains the distribution of lungfishes –Lungfishes evolved when Pangaea was intact Figure 15.3C

10. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15.3D NORTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA EUROPE AFRICA ASIA AUSTRALIA = Living lungfishes = Fossilized lungfishes

11. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plate tectonics, the movements of Earth’s crustal plates, are also associated with volcanoes and earthquakes –California’s San Andreas fault is a boundary between two crustal plates 15.4 Connection: Tectonic trauma imperils local life Figure 15.4A San Andreas fault San Francisco Santa Cruz Los Angeles

12. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings By forming new islands, volcanoes can create opportunities for organisms –Example: Galápagos But volcanic activity can also destroy life –Example: Krakatau Figure 15.4B, C

13. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings At the end of the Cretaceous period, many life- forms disappeared, including the dinosaurs –These mass extinctions may have been a result of an asteroid impact or volcanic activity 15.5 Mass extinctions were followed by diversification of life-forms

14. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15.5 90 million years ago807065 Cretaceous extinctions 60 ?

15. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Every mass extinction reduced the diversity of life –But each was followed by a rebound in diversity –Mammals filled the void left by the dinosaurs

16. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adaptations that have evolved in one environmental context may be able to perform new functions when conditions change –Example: Plant species with catch basins, an adaptation to dry environments 15.6 Key adaptations may enable species to proliferate after mass extinctions Figure 15.6

17. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings “Evo-devo” is a field that combines evolutionary and developmental biology Major adaptations may arise rapidly if mutations occur in genes that control an organism’s early development 15.7 “Evo-devo:” Genes that control development play a major role in evolution

18. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Paedomorphosis, the retention of juvenile characteristics in the adult, seems to have played a role in human evolution Figure 15.7A, B Chimpanzee fetusChimpanzee adult Human fetusHuman adult

19. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stephen Jay Gould argued that there was a connection between our juvenile physical traits and our long period of dependency –The youthful features of Mickey Mouse elicit affectionate, parental responses Figure 15.7C

20. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Evolutionary trends may reflect unequal speciation or survival of species on a branching evolutionary tree 15.8 Evolutionary trends do not mean that evolution is directed toward a goal

21. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15.8

22. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms 15.9 Phylogenetic trees strive to represent evolutionary history

23. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15.9 Medium ground finch Cactus ground finch Small tree finch Large ground finch Small ground finch Large cactus ground finch Sharp-beaked ground finch Vegetarian finch Seed eaters Ground finches Cactus flower eaters Bud eaters Tree finches Insect eaters Medium tree finch Large tree finch Mangrove finch Woodpecker finch Green warbler finch Gray warbler finch Warbler finches Common ancestor from South America mainland

24. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reconstructing phylogeny is part of systematics –the study of biological diversity and classification Taxonomists assign a two-part name to each species –The first name, the genus, covers a group of related species –The second name refers to a species within a genus 15.10 Systematists classify organisms by phylogeny SYSTEMATICS AND PHYLOGENETIC BIOLOGY

25. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Genera are grouped into progressively larger categories Table 15.10

26. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Taxonomists often debate the particular placement of organisms in categories as they strive to make their categories reflect evolutionary relationships

27. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15.10 SPECIES Felis catus (domestic cat) Mephitis mephitis (striped skunk) Lutra lutra (European otter) Canis familiaris (domestic dog) Canis lupus (wolf) Felis GENUS FAMILY ORDER MephitisLutraCanis CanidaeMustelidaeFelidae Carnivora

28. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homologous structures are evidence that organisms have evolved from a common ancestor In contrast, analogous similarities are evidence that organisms from different evolutionary lineages have undergone convergent evolution –Their resemblances have resulted from living in similar environments 15.11 Homology indicates common ancestry, but analogy does not

29. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Example: California ocotillo and allauidia of Madagascar Figure 15.11

30. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Systematists increasingly use molecular techniques to –classify organisms –develop phylogenetic hypotheses 15.12 Molecular biology is a powerful tool in systematics Figure 15.12B HumanChimpanzeeGorillaOrangutan

31. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A phylogenetic tree based on molecular data Figure 15.12A Pleistocene Pliocene Miocene Oligocene Brown bear Polar bear Asiatic black bear American black bear Sun bear Sloth bear Spectacled bear Giant panda Raccoon Lesser panda Ursidae Procyonidae Common ancestral carnivorans

32. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homologous features are used to compare organisms Cladistic analysis attempts to define monophyletic taxa 15.13 Systematists attempt to make classification consistent with phylogeny

33. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15.13A Outgroup (Reptiles) TAXA Ingoup (Mammals) Eastern box turtle Duck-billed platypus Red kangarooNorth American beaver CHARACTERS Long gestation Gestation Hair, mammary glands Vertebral column Long gestation 1 Vertebral column 2 Hair, mammary glands 3 Gestation

34. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cladistic analysis is often a search for the simplest hypotheses about phylogeny –Phylogenetic tree according to cladistic analysis Figure 15.13B, C LizardsSnakesCrocodilesBirds LizardsSnakesCrocodilesBirds –Phylogenetic tree according to classical systematics

35. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings For several decades, systematists have classified life into five kingdoms 15.14 Arranging life into kingdoms is a work in progress THE DOMAINS OF LIFE Figure 15.14A MONERAPROTISTAPLANTAEFUNGIANIMALIA Earliest organisms

36. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A newer system recognizes two basically distinctive groups of prokaryotes –The domain Bacteria –The domain Archaea A third domain, the Eukarya, includes all kingdoms of eukaryotes Figure 15.14B BACTERIAARCHAEAEUKARYA Earliest organisms