1. RISE OF DICTATORS

2. DICTATORS
Dictator - a leader who rules a country with absolute power, usually by force
Dictators are usually able to take power in countries that are suffering economically and socially
The conditions in The Soviet Union, Germany and Italy made it easy for these dictators to assume power

3. Joseph Stalin
Stalin’s rise to power comes after Lenin’s death in 1924 (heart attack)

4. Stalin’s Rise to Power Originally studied for the priesthood
Became a follower of Lenin
Stalin was imprisoned several times and sent to Siberia
Did not play a major role in the Bolshevik Revolution
1923 he became the General Secretary of the Party
1924: Lenin died
power struggle between Stalin and Trotsky
Stalin: born joseph joo-guhsh- vee-lee to a poor family – studied to be a priest & in 1900 joined bolshevicks & changed his name to Stalin “man of steel”
**** organized robberies to get $$ for the party & was sent to exile ** he used the position of Sec. to build a group of followers that owed their jobs to him
Trotsky- brilliant marxist thinker, skillfull speaker & architect of Bolshevick revolution
Stalin: opposite– not a scholar not a good speaker – very good at organization

5. Rise to Power cont.
Both had different views on the Future of Communism
Trotsky - worldwide revolution
Stalin - Build Socialism at home
Lenin had doubted Stalin as a successor
Wanted someone “more tolerant & loyal”
1929:became an absolute dictator
Trotsky was forced to flee the country
Stalin isolated trotsky & put his supporters in top jobs Trotsky was stripped of membership& forced to flee 1940 he was murdered

6. The Five Year Plan Wanted the SU to become a modern industrial power
build industry, improve transportation, and increase farm output
Developed a Command Economy - government officials controlled all economic decisions
Government owned all business & distributed money
Under command economy SU was successful with heavy industry but failed to produce competitive consumer goods
EX: clothing, cars and appliances
Stalin wanted to make the SU a modern industrial power ***Bonuses to those who succeded and & punishing those who did not
1928: first 5 year plan concentrated on Iron & steel and electric – large factories, hydroelectric & industrial complexes
Some peasants became skilled workers but overall standards of living remained poor – standards of living remained poor

7. The Five Year Plan cont.
Stalin brought agriculture under government control
Forced peasants to work on collectives
Collectives: were large farms owned and operated by groups of peasants
Allowed to keep their houses but all animals and machinery were turned over to the collective
Stalin thought that small plots of land were ineffiecient – State set all prices & contolled access to farm supplies

9. Ukraine Famine
Peasants resisted the plan by killing farm animals, destroying tools and burning crops
The government responded with brutal force
Angry peasants often grew only enough food to feed themselves
Stalin responded by seizing the grain and leaving the peasants to starve
Famine spread across the SU and over 8 million Ukrainians died
Over the years the situation did not improve much
Sent to labor camps, killed or died from overwork **** 5-8 million people died in Ukraine

10. The Great Purge
Always fearful of rival party members plotting against him
1934: launched the Great Purge
In his reign of terror, Stalin and his Secret Police cracked down on old Bolsheviks
They were charged with a wide variety of crimes
Plotting to overthrow Stalin to not meeting production quotas
Even though his power was absolute– thought people were plotting against him
Then spread to generals, writers, industrial managers and ordinary citizens

11. Show Trials
Public trials where people were forced to confess to crimes against the Stalin regime
Executed publicly and other were sent to the Gulag - a series of forced labor camps throughout the USSR but mainly in Siberia
Increased Stalin’s power as old revolutionary member were replaced with young members loyal to Stalin and fearful of his wrath
Staged a series of show trials ** people confessed to crimes after torture of family
** at least 4 million were purged during the stalin years – some estimates were much higher

12. Stalin
Cult of Personality - propaganda used by Stalin to make himself godlike
Much of the art depicting Stalin make him look strong and powerful
Religion was banned and replaced by communist icons like Lenin and Stalin
Radios, newspapers, loud speakers --- all blared into factories & villages --- movie theatres & schools heard about the success of communism & the evil of capitalism

13. Cult of Personality

15. Homework How did Communism develop under Lenin & Stalin?
What were the effects of the 5 year plans?
Why did Stalin launch the Great Purge?
How did Stalin create a totalitarian state?

16. Benito Mussolini
Named after Benito Juarez – educator, solider, politician, laborer

17. Fascism Strong Military Fascism State controlled economy Extreme
Blind Loyalty
To the
leader
State controlled
economy
Strong
Military
Fascism
After WWI – treaty of Versailles gave away land that had been promised to Italy
***Italy was economically slow – men could not find o
Use of
Violence and
Terror
Extreme
Nationalism
Use of
Censorship
&
Propaganda

18. What is Fascism?
It was a term used by Mussolini rooted in extreme nationalism
It glorified violence, discipline and blind loyalty to the state
It is anti-democratic and communist
Celebrates ethnicty – violence increased & freedoms were lessoned  The fascists were very pro-violence, anti-democracy, and anti-communism.   The Party believed in only one absolute ruler and the retraction of many freedoms.
* Rejected ideas of enlightenment  put needs of the state before the individual

20. Rise of Mussolini Italy after World War I:
Italy was in economic chaos and political corruption
Men could not find work
Trade was slow
Taxes were high (to pay for the war)
Inspired by the revolution in Russia
Peasants took land, workers went on strike and took over factories
Government split into warring factions
nationalists were upset that they were not allowed to expand their territories
**felt iItaly was cheated out of becoming a “great power” *** people turned to Facism which pushed
Veterans faced unemployment
Trade declined and taxes rose

22. Rise of Mussolini
Mussolini took advantage of the unrest and stepped in to fix the crisis
Organized the veterans & others unhappy with the conditions in Italy into the Fascist Party 1919
He was a fiery speaker

23. The Rise of Mussolini Mussolini promised To end unemployment
Gain more land for Italy
Outlaw communism
Stop workers from striking
Strengthen Italy’s military
He promised to end corruption and return order
Also spoke of reviving Roman greatness

24. Rise in Power Mussolini organized The “Black Shirts”
Pro- violent change
Through intimidation & terror – gangs got rid of elected officials in Italy
Black shirts attacked- communists, republicans & anyone else they thought stood in their way
Books & papers were censored – personal freedoms stripped **PPl accepted this because they lost faith in the constitutional gov’t

25. Rise to Power Once in power he ended:
1922: Mussolini organized a march on Rome to demand gov’t changes
King Emanuel III-feared a civil war
Asked Mussolini to form a gov’t as Prime Minister
Once in power he ended:
Free elections
Free speech
Free press
Takes the title “Il Duce”
ROME: 30,000 facists demanded the king put Mussolini in charge of government
w/o a shot fired Mussolini obtained a legal appointment from the King
1925: abolished all opposition parties – formed secret police to intimidate & imprison dissendents

27. In Power Mussolini ran Italy like a dictatorship upheld by terror
Critics were thrown in prison, exiled or killed
Secret police and propaganda supported the regime
He preserved capitalism but much of the economy was under gov’t control
Suppressed rival parties, muzzled the press, rigged elections & replaced elected officials with fascist supporters
** took ecomony under state control to end the feud between owners & workers ** production increased but at the cost of workers – forbidden to strike & money lagged

28. Social Policies
Fascist Italy: the individual was only important as a member of the state
Men were urged to be warriors for Italy
Women were pushed out of the workforce and told to focus on being mothers
Fascist youth groups: Children were molded to obey strict military discipline
Slogans gloifiying Mussolini: “Believe, Obey, Fight!” over loudspeakers *** wanted women to “win the battle of motherhood” anyone with more than 14 children were given a medal *** You

29. Mussolini At first he was received in both Italy and around the world
Once his policy changed toward foreign conquest other nations lost support of him
Italy’s failure in WWII and the fact that his people saw him as a pawn of Hitler lead to his demise
He was captured and publicly executed
He & mistress Clara Petacci – tried escaping with German forces (in german uniform) caught

31. ADOLF HITLER

32. Germany After WWI Germany was in turmoil after the war
Lost land, the money was worthless, and the military destroyed
Weimar Republic
Created in 1919
Set up a parliamentary system led by a Chancellor
Filled with problems- some did not like the weak government – looked for a strong leader like Stalin
** major inflation – people were poor

33. Rise of Hitler
Germany needed a leader who could fix the economic problems & restore pride
Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party promised to fix Germany
Appealed to:
Unemployed
Young people
Lower middle class
National Socialist German Workers party *** store owners, employees, craftsmen & farmers

34. The Rise of Hitler World War I Nazi’s Promise Weak Government
Germany has
to pay large war
debt.
Germany loses
her colonies.
Germany is
bitter over blame
for World War I.
Reduced military.
Weak Government
Kaiser steps down
Weimar Rep.
fails to end inflation
signs the Treaty of
Versailles which
angers
many Germans
Economic Problems
Inflation
Depression
Unemployment
Nazi’s Promise
Jobs
A new German
super race
Rebuild the military
Get back lost land
Make Germany proud

35. Hitler Hitler had served in the military during the war
In 1919 he joined the Nazi Party and became its leader in a year
1923 he tried to seize power; he failed and ended up in jail
While in jail he wrote Mein Kampf which became the Nazi’s book of goals and ideology

36. Rise of Hitler
Once out of jail he gained a loyal following of veterans and lower middle class Germans
He promised them jobs and that he would rearm the military
Hitler was elected as Chancellor of Germany in 1933; he was supported by conservatives that feared communism

37. Hitler’s Third Reich
He removed all socialist and communists, suspended civil rights and made Germany a single party state
He predicted his Third Reich would rule Germany for 1000 years
He created a totalitarian state
The Fuhrer’s rules were enforced by a brutal system of terror and repression
The SS troops were the main enforcers
The Gestapo - his secret police, removed all of his opposition

40. The Third Reich
To help Germany recover economically Hitler launched a huge public works campaign
The autobahn
He violated the Treaty of Versailles by rearming the nation but this created jobs
Capitalism was kept but big businesses and labor were brought under gov’t control

41. Society Under Hitler Men were to be strong and fight for their country
Women were to produce as many “pure” children as possible; were rewarded
Children were trained to be loyal Germans and to destroy all enemies

42. Society Under Hitler Ends Civil Rights Murders political enemies
Uses propaganda, art and education to promote him and the Nazi party

43. Propaganda

44. Hitler Able to rebuild Germany in under 10 years
Tried to expand the German Empire
Nazi foreign aggression set the stage for WWII

46. Regimes Mussolini built a model for Hitler and Stalin
All three regimes were different but had several things in common
Single party dictatorship
Use of terror to enforce policy
Government control of the economy
Strict media censorship