1. Managing Peace and Security
Diplomacy and Deterrence

2. 1.1 Why do Conflicts occur among countries?
All countries protect their national interests
Conflicts occur when countries disagree on issues
Disagreements arise over the following:
Competing Territory
Conflict over scarce natural resources
Conflict over ideological differences

3. Competing Territory
Control over land can mean a lot to a country esp. if
The land is important to their defence
The land represents national pride
Sometimes countries try to control land that isn’t theirs
If a territory is claimed by two countries, it can result in conflict.

4. Conflict over Border
In 1947, India inherited a border drawn by the British
China disagreed with the border
Difficult in having a clear border because most of the frontier is inaccessible
Two border regions became areas of conflict:
Aksai Chin Plateau (West)
North Eastern Frontier Agency (East)

5. Conflict over Border
Late 1950s, China was unwilling to negotiate seriously with India and commit to a fixed border
In 1958, China built a road on the Aksai Chin Plateau and India protested that China had violated India’s territorial rights
China disagreed saying that the border was not fixed

6. Conflict over Border In 1959, tension worsened when fighting broke out
By mid-1961, China occupied more territories of India it regarded as its own
India demanded the return of the territories
1962, war broke out
India and China signed an agreement in 2005 to address the issue but it has not been resolved

7. Conflict over scarce resources
Natural resources are unequally distributed around the world
Some countries have more, some have less
Those with less might use force to gain more, especially when these resources are necessary for survival

8. Conflict over scarce resources
During the 1970s, Iceland and Britain were in conflict over fishing grounds
Iceland depended on fishing for survival and felt threatened when fishermen from other European countries overfished around Iceland
Fish stocks decreased around Iceland

9. Conflict over scarce resources
In 1975, Iceland extended its zone of control over fishing from 50 nautical miles to 200 nautical miles
No countries could fish within that boundary without Iceland’s permission
Britain refused to acknowledge the boundary
Iceland cut diplomatic ties with Britain in Feb 1976

10. Conflict over scarce resources
Ties only restored in June 1976 after an agreement was signed
Britain could only catch a fixed amount
Iceland’s patrols could stop boats to check them

11. Conflict over ideological differences
Different values and beliefs among countries can cause conflict
Countries can come into conflict if they feel that their ideologies are being threatened

12. Conflict over ideological differences
North Korea and South Korea fought a war because N. Korea believed in communism and South Korea believed in Democracy
Korea was divided at the 38th Parallel after WW II
The northern part was temporarily occupied by the USSR while the South was occupied by USA

13. Conflict over ideological differences
The UN called for an election in 1947 to establish a government to unite Korea
The USSR refused and installed a communist regime in the North
North Korea invaded the South in 1950 to unite Korea under communism
The USA, its allies and the UN defended South Korea

14. Conflict over ideological differences
UN forces forced the North Koreans back
In Aug 1953, an agreement to stop fighting was signed by all parties and a demilitarised zone between North and South was created.

15. 2.2 Why is Deterrence necessary?
Being militarily self-reliant is important
Singapore experienced the Japanese occupation and Indonesian Confrontation
Without a strong military force, people do not feel secure and foreign companies are not willing to invest
Singapore government realised this when the British pulled out in 1966.

16. 2.3 How is Deterrence practised?
A citizen armed force
3rd Generation Singapore Armed Forces
Singapore’s Defence Industry
Total Defence
Multi-Agency coordination on security
Military co-operation with other countries

17. A Citizen Armed Force
Singapore could not afford a large professional army
The government decided to build a citizen armed force through enlistment
In 1967, National Service was introduced
Singaporeans learn to defend the nation in their time in NS
Singaporeans also bond through their experiences in NS

18. A Citizen Armed Force
Upon completion of NS, these men would continue to serve as operationally-ready NS men for 10 years.
During their training, they would undergo refresher courses and maintain their competence

19. 3rd Generation Singapore Armed Forces
Warfare has become more complex
Therefore, SAF consistently enhances its capabilities in warfare through R&D
SAF started a project with research institutes and local unis to create the 3G SAF
3G SAF works towards maximising defensive capabilities through modern technology

20. Singapore’s Defence Industry
SAF needs the latest technology to build an effective fighting force
Singapore does this by building its own defence industry, making SAF self-reliant
The defence industry started in 1967 with the establishment of Chartered Industries of Singapore (CIS)
CIS has now developed into a successful defence company

21. Singapore’s Defence Industry
Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA) formed in 2000 to provide cost-effective and modern technology to the SAF
Focuses on buying and upgrading weapons, as well as developing new weapons
Conducts research with other countries

22. Total Defence Civil Defence Economic Defence Social Defence
Psychological Defence
Military Defence

23. Total Defence: Civil Defence
Important to know what to do in a civil emergency
Example: Hotel New World Disaster

24. Total Defence: Economic Defence
Today’s economy requires Singaporeans to adjust to changing demands
Constant need to upgrade skills
Singapore Workforce Development Agency (WDA) formed in 2009
WDA works with other agencies to help workers upgrade their skills

25. Total Defence: Social Defence
Active strengthening of Social ties through various organisations (CDC and IRCC)
Activities include visit to places of worship and inter-faith dialogues
Helps ensure that unity will not be broken during testing situations

26. Total Defence: Psychological Defence
Having pride and loyalty and wanting to stand up and defend Singapore
Having will and mental strength to overcome challenges
Example: SARS

27. Multi-Agency coordination
National Security Coordination Secretariat (NSCS) set up to coordinate various government agencies
Close networking strengthens Singapore’s national security
NSCS meets regularly to plan national security policies and strategies.
Also works with commercial and private parties to combat threats

28. Military Co-operation with other countries
Singapore actively fosters friendly ties with armed forces of other countries through
Bilateral military agreements and exercises
Agreements with France, Australia, India
Exercises with Malaysia and Indonesia
Multi-lateral military agreements and exercises
Five Power Defence Arrangements
Exercises conducted every year
Members consult one another on deterrence

29. 3.1 Why is Diplomacy necessary?
Countries are connected to one another
Countries use diplomacy to pursue mutual interests
Enables countries to cooperate and solve problems
Resolve conflicts peacefully
Allows countries to help one another

30. 3.2 How is Diplomacy practised?
Bilateral Relations
Regional Relations
International Relations

31. Bilateral Relations Country-to-Country relationship
Singapore has been actively involved in expanding bilateral relations
Benefits
Trade – Japan, Germany, USA
Technology acquisition

32. Bilateral Relations
Further promote political, economic and cultural ties
Malaysia
Indonesia
Singapore able to speed up economic and social development

33. Bilateral Relations Singapore willing to help others
Vietnam
Nepal
Aceh (Tsunami Relief)
Singapore gains world recognition and respect

34. Regional Relations Association of countries in a region
Combining strengths of member countries, the association becomes stronger
Be in a better position when dealing with others
Examples:
European Union (UN)
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

35. Regional Relations (ASEAN)
1967, five countries formed ASEAN
Indonesia
Malaysia
The Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
ASEAN Declaration signed in Bangkok 8 Aug 1967

36. Regional Relations (ASEAN)
1960s, SE Asia was going through various challenges
SE Asian leaders saw the need for a regional organisation
Maintain stability
Build trust
ASEAN is a venue for resolving disputes among member countries
ASEAN Is a united and collective voice to strengthen bargaining power with other countries

37. Regional Relations (ASEAN)
ASEAN Initiatives
ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)
SE Asia is attractive to investors
However, intense competition from India & China
Economic Integration is necessary
ASEAN launched AFTA in 1992
Aims to remove import taxes
Long term plan: integrate Asian economies into a single production base. Remove import taxes by 2015

38. Regional Relations (ASEAN)
ASEAN Initiatives
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
Created in 1994
Involves countries in Asia-Pacific region
Maintain peace by promoting political and security dialogue
Avenue for peaceful discussion and security issues
Participants include China, Japan, North Korea, India, New Zealand, Australia, USA and Canada

39. Regional Relations (ASEAN)
ASEAN Initiatives
Education and Professional Exchange
One of Singapore’s contribution to ASEAN is technical knowledge
Provides technical training
Singapore offers scholarships under Singapore Cooperation Programme (SCP)
No bond involved and allows students from any ASEAN country to study in Singapore universities

40. Regional Relations (ASEAN)
ASEAN Initiatives
Economic cooperation and assistance
Help narrow economic gap between member countries
Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI)
Five-year aid package
S$80 million
Selected member countries

41. Regional Relations (ASEAN)
ASEAN Initiatives
Environmental Collaboration
Indonesian Forest Fires in 1997
Created serious haze problem in the region
Singapore offered assistance in the monitoring of fires through satellite images

42. International Relations (UN)
Formed 26 June 1945
Membership of 192 countries

43. Singapore and the UN 117th Member on 21 September 1965
Gave Singapore recognition as a sovereign state
UN helped Singapore by sending experts in economic and social development
Dr. Albert Winsemius

44. UN Law of the Sea Conference
Defines how countries can draw territorial sea borders
States rights of landlocked states to access the seas
Provides guidelines to safeguard the marine environment
Protects freedom of scientific research
Prof. Tommy Koh was President of the Third UN Conference of the Law of the Sea

45. UN Security Council Five permanent members 10 rotating members
United States, United Kingdom, France, China and Russia
10 rotating members
Singapore was a rotating member
Singapore served as President of the Council
Showed confidence member states have in Singapore

46. UN Peacekeeping operations
Help countries torn by conflicts
Peacekeeping operations are auhorised by UN Security Council
Peacekeepers are soldiers, military officers, police officers and civilian personnel
Singapore has been involved since 1989
2005 – S’pore involved in 13 operations in 11 different countries