2. Step Up To: Psychology John J. Schulte, Psy.D. & Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5e Worth Publishers (2010) From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 5e Worth Publishers (2010)

3. Chapter 4: Consciousness and Its Variations The Rhythms of Consciousness and Sleep Dreams and Mental Activity During Sleep Sleep Disorders Hypnosis and Meditation Psychoactive Drugs

4. 100 200 300 400 500 The Rhythms of Consciousness and Sleep

5. 100 200 400 500 Dreams and Mental Activity During Sleep 300

6. 100 200 300 400 500 Sleep Disorders

7. 100 200 300 400 500 Hypnosis and Meditation

8. 100 200 300 400 500 Psychoactive Drugs

9. 1. The word “circadian” comes from the Latin words that mean _____ and ______. A) conscious; unconscious B) morning; night C) sleep; wake D) about; day A) conscious; unconscious B) morning; night C) sleep; wake D) about; day

10. 2. Sleep researchers distinguish between two basic types of sleep. ___ sleep is associated with dreaming. A) NREM B) DEEP C) REO D) REM A) NREM B) DEEP C) REO D) REM

11. 3. Which stage of NREM sleep is marked by brain activity called sleep spindles and K complexes? A) REM B) Stage 1 C) Stage 2 D) Stage 3 A) REM B) Stage 1 C) Stage 2 D) Stage 3

12. 4. “During the Stone Age cavemen slept in their caves every night to hide from predators.” This statement is consistent with which theory of why we sleep? A) adaptive theory of sleep B) circadian rhythm theory of sleep C) restorative theory of sleep D) self-protective theory of sleep A) adaptive theory of sleep B) circadian rhythm theory of sleep C) restorative theory of sleep D) self-protective theory of sleep

13. 5. A tiny cluster of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the ______ serves as the body’s own internal pacemaker. A) hypothalamus B) amygdala C) thalamus D) occipital cerebral lobe A) hypothalamus B) amygdala C) thalamus D) occipital cerebral lobe

14. 6. People usually have around ______ dreaming episodes each night. A) 1 to 2 B) 8 to 10 C) 6 to 8 D) 4 to 5 A) 1 to 2 B) 8 to 10 C) 6 to 8 D) 4 to 5

15. 7. Researchers have found that when people dream: A) most dreams are in color. B) most dreams are in black-and- white. C) they can sometimes predict the future. D) they will die if they hit the bottom when falling. A) most dreams are in color. B) most dreams are in black-and- white. C) they can sometimes predict the future. D) they will die if they hit the bottom when falling.

16. A) latent; manifest B) conscious; unconscious C) manifest; latent D) repressed; regressed A) latent; manifest B) conscious; unconscious C) manifest; latent D) repressed; regressed 8. According to Sigmund Freud, the actual story we dream about is the _______ content, and the meaning that it represents is the _______ content.

17. 9. Which of the following is not a research finding about the content of dreams? A) Instances of aggression are more common in dreams than instances of friendliness. B) Women are more likely than men to report emotions in dreams. C) Men are more likely to report other males as dream story characters. D) Sexual behavior often occurs as an element of a dream story. A) Instances of aggression are more common in dreams than instances of friendliness. B) Women are more likely than men to report emotions in dreams. C) Men are more likely to report other males as dream story characters. D) Sexual behavior often occurs as an element of a dream story.

18. 10. During REM dreaming the sleeper’s _________ are inactive and the _________ is active. A) frontal lobes; limbic system B) hippocampus; primary visual cortex. C) primary visual cortexes; frontal lobe. D) circadian rhythms; pineal gland A) frontal lobes; limbic system B) hippocampus; primary visual cortex. C) primary visual cortexes; frontal lobe. D) circadian rhythms; pineal gland

19. 11. Which device is used to treat moderate to severe cases of sleep apnea? A) Jarvik-7 B) CPAP C) fMRI D) EKG A) Jarvik-7 B) CPAP C) fMRI D) EKG

20. 12. The parasomnias include all but which of the following? A) Narcolepsy (sleep attacks) B) Sexsomnia (sleepsex) C) Somnambulism (sleepwalking) D) Sleep terrors (night terrors) A) Narcolepsy (sleep attacks) B) Sexsomnia (sleepsex) C) Somnambulism (sleepwalking) D) Sleep terrors (night terrors)

21. 13. Jen has a narcolepsy. She experiences a sudden loss of muscle strength and control, resulting in collapsing when excited. This symptom is called: A) parasomnia. B) sleep apnea. C) cataplexy. D) night terrors. A) parasomnia. B) sleep apnea. C) cataplexy. D) night terrors.

22. 14. Autopsies of the brains of people who suffered from narcolepsy have found greatly reduced numbers of __________-producing neurons. A) serotonin B) melatonin C) hypocretin D) GABA A) serotonin B) melatonin C) hypocretin D) GABA

23. 15. Reported cases of sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) have found people eating all but which of the following? A) slices of soap B) buttered cigarettes C) hand cream D) shoelaces A) slices of soap B) buttered cigarettes C) hand cream D) shoelaces

24. 16. Research into hypnosis has found that: A) it is possible to hypnotize a person against their will. B) hypnosis can make a person stronger than their physical abilities. C) hypnotized individuals can be made to do things that violate their own morals. D) hypnosis can help you lose weight, stop smoking, or stop biting your fingernails. A) it is possible to hypnotize a person against their will. B) hypnosis can make a person stronger than their physical abilities. C) hypnotized individuals can be made to do things that violate their own morals. D) hypnosis can help you lose weight, stop smoking, or stop biting your fingernails.

25. 17. The two general types of meditation involve: A) chanting and movement techniques. B) Buddhist and Chinese techniques. C) group and individual techniques. D) concentration and opening-up techniques. A) chanting and movement techniques. B) Buddhist and Chinese techniques. C) group and individual techniques. D) concentration and opening-up techniques.

26. 18. When hypnosis influences behavior after the hypnotic state has ended, the subject was given: A) posthypnotic amnesia. B) a hypnotic command. C) a command suggestion. D) a posthypnotic suggestion. A) posthypnotic amnesia. B) a hypnotic command. C) a command suggestion. D) a posthypnotic suggestion.

27. 19. Police Chief Jeffries is considering using a hypnotist on an eye-witness to help recall the events of a crime. The chief needs to know that: A) hypnosis can help if the hypnotist is highly qualified. B) there is an increased risk of false memories with hypnosis. C) hypnosis can result in more forgetting. D) hypnosis can only help if used along with a polygraph. A) hypnosis can help if the hypnotist is highly qualified. B) there is an increased risk of false memories with hypnosis. C) hypnosis can result in more forgetting. D) hypnosis can only help if used along with a polygraph.

28. 20. According to Ernest Hilgard’s theory of hypnosis: A) becoming hypnotized depends on the willingness of the subject. B) the subject’s consciousness is split and includes a hidden observer. C) everyone can become hypnotized if the hypnotist is trained. D) it is just another form of concentration. A) becoming hypnotized depends on the willingness of the subject. B) the subject’s consciousness is split and includes a hidden observer. C) everyone can become hypnotized if the hypnotist is trained. D) it is just another form of concentration.

29. 21. Two factors involved in determining physical dependence are: A) tolerance and withdrawal. B) drug type and amount. C) quantity and frequency. D) psychoactivity and abuse. A) tolerance and withdrawal. B) drug type and amount. C) quantity and frequency. D) psychoactivity and abuse.

30. 22. _______ is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world, but ________ is the most widely abused substance in the USA. A) LSD; Ecstasy B) Marijuana; Caffeine C) Caffeine; Alcohol D) Alcohol; Tobacco A) LSD; Ecstasy B) Marijuana; Caffeine C) Caffeine; Alcohol D) Alcohol; Tobacco

31. 23. Of the following sources of caffeine, which has the highest dose? A) Coffee (grande, 16 ounces) B) Energy drink (8 ounces, Red Bull) C) Soft Drinks (Coke, Pepsi, 12 ounces) D) Over-the-counter stimulants (NoDoz, Vivarin) A) Coffee (grande, 16 ounces) B) Energy drink (8 ounces, Red Bull) C) Soft Drinks (Coke, Pepsi, 12 ounces) D) Over-the-counter stimulants (NoDoz, Vivarin)

32. 24. Prolonged use of cocaine can result in auditory hallucinations of voices and bizarre and paranoid ideas, a condition called: A) paranoid schizophrenia. B) cocaine rebound. C) flashbacks. D) amphetamine psychosis. A) paranoid schizophrenia. B) cocaine rebound. C) flashbacks. D) amphetamine psychosis.

33. 25. Which of the following drugs has never been available legally and for medicinal purposes in the United States of America? A) Opium B) Cocaine C) Heroin D) LSD A) Opium B) Cocaine C) Heroin D) LSD

35. Stop here, or continue as a review

36. 1. The word “circadian” comes from the Latin words that mean _____ and ______. A) conscious; unconscious B) morning; night C) sleep; wake D) about; day A) conscious; unconscious B) morning; night C) sleep; wake D) about; day

37. 2. Sleep researchers distinguish between two basic types of sleep. ___ sleep is associated with dreaming. A) NREM B) DEEP C) REO D) REM A) NREM B) DEEP C) REO D) REM

38. 3. Which stage of NREM sleep is marked by brain activity called sleep spindles and K complexes? A) REM B) Stage 1 C) Stage 2 D) Stage 3 A) REM B) Stage 1 C) Stage 2 D) Stage 3

39. 4. “During the Stone Age, cavemen slept in their caves every night to hide from predators.” This statement is consistent with which theory of why we sleep? A) adaptive theory of sleep B) circadian rhythm theory of sleep C) restorative theory of sleep D) self-protective theory of sleep A) adaptive theory of sleep B) circadian rhythm theory of sleep C) restorative theory of sleep D) self-protective theory of sleep

40. 5. A tiny cluster of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the ______ serves as the body’s own internal pacemaker. A) hypothalamus B) amygdala C) thalamus D) occipital cerebral lobe A) hypothalamus B) amygdala C) thalamus D) occipital cerebral lobe

41. 6. People usually have around ______ dreaming episodes each night. A) 1 to 2 B) 8 to 10 C) 6 to 8 D) 4 to 5 A) 1 to 2 B) 8 to 10 C) 6 to 8 D) 4 to 5

42. 7. Researchers have found that when people dream: A) most dreams are in color. B) most dreams are in black-and- white. C) they can sometimes predict the future. D) they will die if they hit the bottom when falling. A) most dreams are in color. B) most dreams are in black-and- white. C) they can sometimes predict the future. D) they will die if they hit the bottom when falling.

43. 8. According to Sigmund Freud, the actual story we dream about is the _______ content, and the meaning that it represents is the _______ content. A) latent; manifest B) conscious; unconscious C) manifest; latent D) repressed; regressed A) latent; manifest B) conscious; unconscious C) manifest; latent D) repressed; regressed

44. 9. Which of the following is not a research finding about the content of dreams? A) Instances of aggression are more common in dreams than instances of friendliness. B) Women are more likely than men to report emotions in dreams. C) Men are more likely to report other males as dream story characters. D) Sexual behavior often occurs as an element of a dream story. A) Instances of aggression are more common in dreams than instances of friendliness. B) Women are more likely than men to report emotions in dreams. C) Men are more likely to report other males as dream story characters. D) Sexual behavior often occurs as an element of a dream story.

45. 10. During REM dreaming, the sleeper’s _________ are inactive and the _________ is active. A) frontal lobes; limbic system B) hippocampus; primary visual cortex. C) primary visual cortexes; frontal lobe. D) circadian rhythms; pineal gland A) frontal lobes; limbic system B) hippocampus; primary visual cortex. C) primary visual cortexes; frontal lobe. D) circadian rhythms; pineal gland

46. 11. Which device is used, often with good results, to treat moderate to severe cases of sleep apnea? A) Jarvik-7 B) CPAP C) fMRI D) EKG A) Jarvik-7 B) CPAP C) fMRI D) EKG

47. 12. The parasomnias include all but which of the following? A) Narcolepsy (sleep attacks) B) Sexsomnia (sleepsex) C) Somnambulism (sleepwalking) D) Sleep terrors (night terrors) A) Narcolepsy (sleep attacks) B) Sexsomnia (sleepsex) C) Somnambulism (sleepwalking) D) Sleep terrors (night terrors)

48. 13. Jen has a narcolepsy. She experiences a sudden loss of muscle strength and control, resulting in collapsing when excited. This symptom is called: A) parasomnia. B) sleep apnea. C) cataplexy. D) night terrors. A) parasomnia. B) sleep apnea. C) cataplexy. D) night terrors.

49. 14. Autopsies of the brains of people who suffered from narcolepsy have found greatly reduced numbers of __________-producing neurons. A) serotonin B) melatonin C) hypocretin D) GABA A) serotonin B) melatonin C) hypocretin D) GABA

50. 15. Reported cases of sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) have found people eating all but which of the following? A) Slices of soap B) Buttered cigarettes C) Hand cream D) Shoelaces A) Slices of soap B) Buttered cigarettes C) Hand cream D) Shoelaces

51. 16. Research into hypnosis has found that: A) it is possible to hypnotize a person against their will. B) hypnosis can make a person stronger than their physical abilities. C) hypnotized individuals can be made to do things that violate their own morals. D) hypnosis can help you lose weight, stop smoking, or stop biting your fingernails. A) it is possible to hypnotize a person against their will. B) hypnosis can make a person stronger than their physical abilities. C) hypnotized individuals can be made to do things that violate their own morals. D) hypnosis can help you lose weight, stop smoking, or stop biting your fingernails.

52. 17. The two general types of meditation involve: A) chanting and movement techniques. B) Buddhist and Chinese techniques. C) group and individual techniques. D) concentration and opening-up techniques. A) chanting and movement techniques. B) Buddhist and Chinese techniques. C) group and individual techniques. D) concentration and opening-up techniques.

53. 18. When hypnosis influences behavior after the hypnotic state has ended, the subject was given: A) posthypnotic amnesia. B) a hypnotic command. C) a command suggestion. D) a posthypnotic suggestion. A) posthypnotic amnesia. B) a hypnotic command. C) a command suggestion. D) a posthypnotic suggestion.

54. 19. Police Chief Jeffries is considering using a hypnotist on an eye-witness to help recall the events of a crime. The chief needs to know that: A) hypnosis can help if the hypnotist is highly qualified. B) there is an increased risk of false memories with hypnosis. C) hypnosis can result in more forgetting. D) hypnosis can only help if used along with a polygraph. A) hypnosis can help if the hypnotist is highly qualified. B) there is an increased risk of false memories with hypnosis. C) hypnosis can result in more forgetting. D) hypnosis can only help if used along with a polygraph.

55. 20. According to Ernest Hilgard’s theory of hypnosis: A) becoming hypnotized depends on the willingness of the subject. B) the subject’s consciousness is split and includes a hidden observer. C) everyone can become hypnotized if the hypnotist is trained. D) it is just another form of concentration. A) becoming hypnotized depends on the willingness of the subject. B) the subject’s consciousness is split and includes a hidden observer. C) everyone can become hypnotized if the hypnotist is trained. D) it is just another form of concentration.

56. 21. Two factors involved in determining physical dependence are: A) tolerance and withdrawal. B) drug type and amount. C) quantity and frequency. D) psychoactivity and abuse. A) tolerance and withdrawal. B) drug type and amount. C) quantity and frequency. D) psychoactivity and abuse.

57. 22. _______ is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world, but ________ is the most widely abused substance in the USA. A) LSD; Ecstasy B) Marijuana; Caffeine C) Caffeine; Alcohol D) Alcohol; Tobacco A) LSD; Ecstasy B) Marijuana; Caffeine C) Caffeine; Alcohol D) Alcohol; Tobacco

58. 23. Of the following sources of caffeine, which has the highest dose A) Coffee (grande, 16 ounces) B) Energy drink (8 ounces, Red Bull) C) Soft Drinks (Coke, Pepsi, 12 ounces) D) Over-the-counter stimulants (NoDoz, Vivarin) A) Coffee (grande, 16 ounces) B) Energy drink (8 ounces, Red Bull) C) Soft Drinks (Coke, Pepsi, 12 ounces) D) Over-the-counter stimulants (NoDoz, Vivarin)

59. 24. Prolonged use of cocaine can result in auditory hallucinations of voices and bizarre and paranoid ideas, a condition called: A) paranoid schizophrenia. B) cocaine rebound. C) flashbacks. D) amphetamine psychosis. A) paranoid schizophrenia. B) cocaine rebound. C) flashbacks. D) amphetamine psychosis.

60. 25. Which of the following drugs has never been available legally and for medicinal purposes in the United States of America? A) Opium B) Cocaine C) Heroin D) LSD A) Opium B) Cocaine C) Heroin D) LSD

61. AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Questions written by: Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD Based on Discovering Psychology 5e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Published by Worth Publishers, 2010 Step Up Created by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Questions written by: Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD Based on Discovering Psychology 5e by Hockenbury & Hockenbury Published by Worth Publishers, 2010

62. Answers—Chapter 4 1.D 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.D 7.A 8.C 9.D 10.A 11.B 12.A 13.C 14.C 15.D 16.D 17.D 18.D 19.B 20.B 21.A 22.C 23.A 24.D 25.D