2. Psychoanalysis Developed by Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and a theory of personality
Emphasizes unconscious motivation – the main causes of behavior lie buried in the unconscious mind
Keywords: psychoanalytic approach, unconscious motivation
Graphics: picture of Freud pg. 420 Myers

3. Dr. Sigmund Freud
6 May 1856 –
23 September 1939

4. Born in Freiburg in Moravia
View of Freiburg

5. Freud and his father,

6. Freud’s mother,
Amalia

7. Early Life 1859: Moves to Leipzig 1860: Moves to Vienna
3 brothers and 5 sisters
1865: Enters Leopoldstäter Real-und Obergymnasium, where he is a brilliant student from the outset
1873: Graduates by passing his exams most impressively
1876: Wins a research grant
1877: Joins Ernst Brücke, German physiologist teaching at the University of Vienna
1881: Obtains his medical degree

8. Jacob Freud’s family, Vienna, 1878

9. Trains at Vienna General Hospital, 1582-1585

10.
Studies in France with French neurologist, Jean Martin Charcot
They work at the mental hospital, the Salpêtrière
1886: Returns via Berlin, where he studies children’s diseases
Opens private practice
Marries Martha Bernays

11. Jean Martin Charcot

12. Charcot, La Leçon

13. Engagement picture; Martha Bernays

14. 1887-1900 1877: Mathilde born 1877: Meets Wilhelm Fliess
1888: Begins to publish papers
1889: Jean-Martin born
1891: Oliver born
1893: Sophie born
1895: Anna born
1895: Studies on Hysteria, with Breuer
1896: The word “psychoanalysis” appears in print for the first time
1899/1900: The Interpretation of Dreams

15. Wilhelm Fliess

16. Josef Breuer

17. Studies on Hysteria,
1895

18. The Interpretation
of Dreams, 1899/1900

19. 1901-1910 1901/1904: The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
1902: Founds the Psychological Wednesday Society
1905: Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious
1905: Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
1907: Jung first visits Freud’s home
1908: First International Congress of Psychoanalysts
1909: Little Hans, Rat Man
1910: Publishes more papers

20. The Psychopathology
Of Everyday Life,
1901

21. Three Essays on the
Theory of Sexuality,
1905

22. Information in your immediate awareness Rational, planful, mediating
dimension
of personality
Information
which can
easily be
made
conscious
Moralistic,
judgmental,
perfectionist
dimension of
personality
Discovering psych2e Figure p372
Irrational,
illogical,
impulsive
dimension of
personality
Thoughts,
feelings,
urges, and other
information
that is difficult
to bring to
conscious
awareness

23. Psychoanalytic Approach
Conscious – all things we are aware of at any given moment
Keywords: conscious, preconscious, unconscious
Graphics: fig pg. 475 Hockenbury

24. Psychoanalytic Approach
Preconscious – everything that can, with a little effort, be brought into consciousness
Graphics: fig pg. 475 Hockenbury

25. Psychoanalytic Approach
Unconscious – inaccessible warehouse of anxiety-producing thoughts and drives
Graphics: fig pg. 475 Hockenbury

26. Psychoanalytic Divisions of the Mind
Id—instinctual drives present at birth
does not distinguish between reality and fantasy
operates according to the pleasure principle
Ego—develops out of the id in infancy
understands reality and logic
mediator between id and superego
Superego
internalization of society’s moral standards
responsible for guilt
Keywords: id

27. Id: The Pleasure Principle
Pleasure principle—drive toward immediate gratification, most fundamental human motive
Sources of energy
Eros—life instinct, perpetuates life
Thanatos—death instinct, aggression, self-destructive actions
Libido—sexual energy or motivation

28. Ego: The Reality Principle
Reality principle —ability to postpone gratification in accordance with demands of reality (ex: waiting turn in line)
Ego—rational, organized, logical, mediates demands of reality
Can repress desires that cannot be met in an acceptable manner

29. Superego: Conscience Internalization of societal and parental values
Allows you to judge right or wrong
Can be harshly punitive using feelings of guilt

30. Unconscious mental processes employed by the ego to reduce anxiety
Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious mental processes employed by the ego to reduce anxiety
Keywords: defense mechanisms

31. Discovering psych2e Table 10.1 p375

32. Defense Mechanisms
Repression —keeping anxiety-producing thoughts out of the conscious mind
Reaction formation —replacing an unacceptable wish with its opposite
Keywords: repression, reaction formation

33. Defense Mechanisms
Displacement—when a drive directed to one activity by the id is redirected to a more acceptable activity by the ego
Sublimation—displacement to activities that are valued by society
Keywords: displacement, sublimation

34. Defense Mechanisms
Projection—reducing anxiety by attributing unacceptable impulses to someone else
Rationalization—reasoning away anxiety-producing thoughts
Regression—retreating to a mode of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development
Keywords: projection, rationalization, regression

35. Psychosexual Stages
Freud’s five stages of personality development, each associated with a particular erogenous zone
Fixation—an attempt to achieve pleasure as an adult in ways that are equivalent to how it was achieved in these stages (someone who chews gum, bites fingernails, smokes, may have unresolved oral psychosexual conflicts)
Keywords: fixation

36. Oral Stage (birth – 1 year)
Mouth is associated with sexual pleasure
Weaning a child can lead to fixation if not handled correctly
Fixation can lead to oral activities in adulthood
Keywords: oral stage

37. Anal Stage (1 – 3 years) Anus is associated with pleasure
Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly
Fixation can lead to anal retentive or expulsive behaviors in adulthood
Keywords: anal stage

38. Phallic Stage (3 – 5 years)
Focus of pleasure shifts to the genitals
Oedipus or Electra complex can occur
Fixation can lead to excessive masculinity in males and the need for attention or domination in females
Keywords: phallic stage, Oedipus complex, Electra complex

39. Latency Stage (5 – puberty)
Sexuality is repressed
Children participate in hobbies, school, and same-sex friendships
Keywords: latency stage

40. Genital Stage (puberty on)
Sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others
Healthy adults find pleasure in love and work; fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages
Keywords: genital stage